The hardest German words to pronounce (and how to tackle them)

But what makes them so tricky?

Aside from their sheer length, which owes to the German tendency to combine multiple words into one longer word, these words rely on an impressive inventory of sounds. German includes several phonemes — like “ü,” “ö,” and that harsh “ch” — that don’t exist in English. Add in unpredictable rhythms and stress patterns, and suddenly your tongue is working overtime.

It can be a lot to handle. But, with the right strategies and some consistent practice, you’ll go from stumbling to smooth in no time. Let’s break down the toughest words and how to actually pronounce them.

• 10 difficult German words and why they are so hard
• Tips to master these tough words
• FAQs

10 difficult German words and why they are so hard

1. Eichhörnchen (squirrel)

The vowel-vowel-consonant mashup in the middle of this word is enough to trip anybody up. English speakers especially struggle to make the “ch” and “rn” flow together. Let’s break it down:

eye-ch-hoern-shen

Start with “Eich” [eye-ch] and get that sharp “ch” in your throat — not your mouth. Then “hörn” (say it like “hern” with a tight “ö” sound), and finally “chen,” which is a soft, breathy “shen.” Practice it slowly, piece by piece.

2. Streichholzschächtelchen (little matchbox)

It’s long. It’s a compound noun. It’s a tongue twister straight out of language nerd heaven.

shtrye-kh-holts-shekh-tel-khen

This one combines Streichholz (match) and Schächtelchen (little box). The trick? Chunk it. Don’t rush it.. And don’t worry if you can’t get it right, because it’s definitely not one of the most spoken words in German. It is good training for your throat sounds, though.

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3. Berühren (to touch)

That umlauted “ü” combined with a soft “r” in the middle makes the rhythm get weird.

buh-rue-ren

Focus on getting the “ü” right — it’s like saying “ee” while rounding your lips like you’re saying “oo.” And make that “r” gentle rather than rolled, almost like a soft tap.

4. Schluchztest (you sobbed)

It looks like a dare. All those consonants crammed together, and a “zt” at the end to top it up.

shlookh-ts-test

Start with “schluchzen” (to sob), which is already gnarly, then add “-test” for the second-person past tense. Go slow. Isolate each part. Breathe. Don’t sob.

5. Lehrerin (female teacher)

The rapid-fire repetition of the “r” sound throws off the flow, and the feminine “-in” ending doesn’t land cleanly for English speakers.

lair-uh-rin

Don’t panic on the double “r.” Instead, stretch it a bit. Start with “Lehr” (like the English “lair”) and then roll gently into “erin.” Say it almost like it’s two small words.

6. Nudeln (noodles)

That “-ln” ending can be tough, as English doesn’t really have an equivalent.

noo-duhln

Say “Nude-” like in “noodle,” then just tap the “l” and finish with an “n.” Super quick. Let it blur a little — it’s not supposed to be crisp.

7. Reparieren (to repair)

It’s long and repetitive, and those rolling “r” sounds are tough if you’re not used to them.

reh-pah-ree-ren

Make it musical. Stress the third syllable — which sounds like “ree” — and smooth out the rest. If your r’s aren’t rolling, keep them soft. Germans will still understand you.

8. Großbritannien (Great Britain)

It’s a borrowed word, but German phonetics twist it into something new. Sounds familiar, until it doesn’t.

grohs-bree-tahn-yen

Don’t try to pronounce it like the English version. The German “ß” sounds like “ss,” and “Britannien” is three syllables. Emphasize the middle one, and keep the rhythm steady.

9. Eidechse (lizard)

That “ei” vowel blend, followed by a hard “ch” and “se” ending. Lots of little changes in your mouth position.

eye-dek-suh

Say “Ei” like “eye,” then “dech” (like “deck” but with a German “ch” in your throat), and finish with a soft “suh.” Think: smooth and light.

10. Rührei (scrambled eggs)

Umlaut + back-to-back vowels = chaos.

roo-er-eye

Start with the “Rüh” ([roo] with lips rounded), then ease into “ei.” It’s two syllables, but they blend. Don’t pause between them — just glide.

Tips to master these tough words

• Slow repetition and recording yourself: Say each word slowly and clearly, then listen back to hear what needs adjusting.
• Break words into syllables: Long words are less scary when you chop them into manageable parts.
• Shadow native speakers: Watch videos or join a class, and mimic what you hear — timing, tone and all.
• Practice full phrases: Phrases like “Welche Sprachen sprichst du?” help you get used to German rhythm, sibilants and flow.

The more you train your ear and mouth together, the more natural it all becomes. If you need some media support, this Youtube channel might be of some help, too!

What is the hardest word to learn in German?

This is subjective, but the prize may well go to Eichhörnchen, thanks to its tough sounds and lack of an English equivalent.

What is the longest, hardest German word?

We could award this one to the long, twisted compound word Streichholzschächtelchen.

However, the longest officially used German word is Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz, with an incredible 63 letters. This jumble of letters refers to “the law concerning the delegation of duties for the supervision of cattle marking and the labelling of beef.”

What is the hardest word to say in German?

It depends on what you struggle with, but schluchztest is a strong candidate due to its consonant overload, which makes it barely pronounceable for many a non-native German speaker.

Why pronunciation practice pays off

Mastering German pronunciation isn’t about perfection — it’s about confidence. Words like Eichhörnchen and Streichholzschächtelchen might trip you up now, but the more you practice, the easier it gets. 

If you’re wondering how to learn German fast, Lingoda’s classes are designed to get you talking from Day One. We teach real-life, everyday German with a focus on pronunciation.. Stick with it, speak often and don’t be afraid to sound a little awkward — it’s all part of learning!

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German capitalization rules: What to capitalize and why

The rules that govern German capitalization might seem daunting at first. Why is der Tisch capitalized while laufen is not? And what’s the deal with Sie vs. sie? Don’t worry — German is above all a systematic language, and once you understand the logic behind this system, reading and writing will become much easier. 

In this guide, we’ll break down the essentials: which words are capitalized, which aren’t, and how to spot the common traps that trip up learners. We’ll also share some real examples and tips to help make it all stick.

• Why is capitalization important in German?
• Which words are capitalized in German?
• What’s not capitalized in German?
• Formal German, polite forms and exceptions
• Real-life examples and tips
• FAQs

Why is capitalization important in German?

German vs. English: A key difference in writing

If you’ve ever read a sentence in German and wondered why every other word seems to start with a capital letter, you’re not alone. Here’s the deal: German nouns are always capitalized. This rule applies not only to proper names, like Berlin or Angela Merkel, but also to common nouns ranging from Apfel (apple) to Zeitverschwendung (waste of time). 

English uses capitalization much more sparingly, reserving it mainly for proper nouns and the beginnings of sentences.

What capital letters communicate in German 

Interestingly, online learners — especially on community forums like Reddit — tend to agree that all those capitals are actually a helpful feature. Capitalization can make it easier to scan for meaning, especially in a language in which adjectives latch on to nouns, (making them potentially very, very long). 

Because German nouns are capitalized, you can spot them at a glance. Think of them as little linguistic landmarks in a sentence. In this light, capital letters aren’t merely a formality — they’re a navigation tool.

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Which words are capitalized in German?

All nouns, always

In German, every noun is capitalized — with no exceptions. If a word corresponds to a person, place, thing or idea, it starts with a capital. That includes animals (der Hund), emotions (die Freude), objects (das Buch), professions (der Lehrer) and even times of day (der Morgen). If it’s a noun, it’s capitalized.

Proper nouns and names

If all nouns are capitalized in German, it stands to reason that names of people, cities, countries and companies are capitalized — just like in English. You’ll see Anna, Berlin, Deutschland and Volkswagen all starting with a capital letter.

The first word in a sentence or quote

The first word of any sentence is always capitalized, even if it’s not a noun. The same goes for the first word in a direct quote. So, whether it’s “Guten Morgen!” or “Ich bin müde.”, the first word gets capitalized. This is true regardless of which part of speech it is.

What’s not capitalized in German?

Here’s where German flips the script from English. In German titles and headlines, verbs, adjectives and adverbs remain lowercase unless they’re the first word in a sentence. So, while an English headline might read, “Running Fast Is Fun,” the equivalent headline in German would state, “Laufen schnell macht Spaß.” Only “Spaß” is capitalized, because it’s a noun.

Many newcomers to German instinctively capitalize verbs when writing headlines or titles. This feels natural if you’re used to English, but it’s not how it works in German. If it’s not a noun and if it doesn’t start the sentence, it stays lowercase. No exceptions, no drama.

Formal German, polite forms and exceptions

When adjectives or verbs become nouns (nominalization)

This is one of the trickier rules — but also one of the most common. When a verb or adjective is used like a noun, it gets capitalized. This is called Nominalisierung (nominalization). You’ll spot these nouns easier by looking for signal words that appear in front of them, such as articles (das, ein) and certain prepositions (zum, beim).

For example, consider das Lesen (reading) or beim Spazierengehen (while taking a walk). The nominalized word may look like a verb, but it’s acting like a noun, so it gets a capital letter.

Sie (formal ‘you’), Ihr (formal ‘your’), informal du and dein 

What about “Ihr” or “Sie” in German? These words were in fact once capitalized in the formal correspondence of yesteryear. Today, the standard is to leave them lowercase, e.g., sie, ihr, du and dein. 

Some people still capitalize these addresses in very formal and traditional writing, but it’s optional and fading fast. You’re safe sticking with lowercase, though it’s something to look out for if you spend a lot of time reading old German texts.

Real-life examples and practice tips

A good way to get the hang of German capitalization is to read short texts and spot the nouns. For example:

Heute Morgen hat der Lehrer dem kleinen Hund einen Ball gegeben.

How many capitalized nouns can you find? (Hint: Heute in this case is actually an adverb, not a noun. It’s only capitalized because it comes at the beginning of the sentence.)

This kind of practice trains your brain to recognize patterns, and it can help your writing feel more natural over time. At Lingoda, we build these kinds of real-world examples into our lessons, so you’re not just learning the rules — you’re using them.

Are pronouns capitalized in German?

Pronouns are not capitalized in German, except for the formal addresses Sie and Ihr (where it’s optional but common).

Are days of the week capitalized in German?

Yes, German days of the week (Montag, Dienstag, etc.) are capitalized because they are nouns, and all nouns in German are capitalized.

German capitalization rules in action: What to remember 

German capitalization has its own logic, but once you get the hang of it, it starts to make perfect sense. Watch out for those noun-like verbs and formal pronouns, and you’re well on your way.

The best way to make it stick? Practice in real-life conversations. With Lingoda, you’ll speak from Day One, building confidence with help from native-level teachers who challenge you to apply the rules you learn in everyday situations. Enroll in one of our courses and you can learn German starting today!

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Mastering the past perfect tense in English

We use the past perfect tense to show that one action in the past happened before another. It clarifies the order of two past events or highlights the duration of a past event up to a specific time in the past. It helps you to tell stories, which is a huge part of our day-to-day communication. 

While it’s considered one of the more advanced English tenses, using the past perfect tense accurately in exams can give you an edge. It can also make your speech and writing appear more professional, and it’s key in academic writing. 

In this article, we’re looking at how to form the past perfect tense, which adverbs it often appears with, how and when to use it, and, crucially, when to avoid it. 

• What is the past perfect tense?
• How to form the past perfect tense
• How to make the past perfect negative
• How to ask questions in the past perfect tense
• Examples of past perfect in context
• When NOT to use the past perfect tense
• The role of “just” and other modifiers
• Common mistakes learners make with the past perfect
• FAQs

What is the past perfect tense?

The past perfect simple tense is one of the 12 English tenses, and one of the four used to talk about the past..It’s used to show the sequence of two past events, with the past perfect marking the earlier one. It applies to both states and actions, including those that happen repeatedly. You can also use the past perfect to talk about how long something lasted up to a particular moment in the past.

It’s often called a “narrative tense” because of how useful it is for storytelling. It helps set a timeline and clearly indicates when things happened in relation to one another.

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How to form the past perfect tense

The formula

The structure of the past perfect simple tense is had + past participle, or more fully, subject + had + past participle verb form. We use had with all subjects, for example: 

• I had
• You had
• She had
• They had

Common regular & irregular verbs

Remember that regular past participles are formed by adding -ed to a verb in the base form.

• ask → asked
• call → called
• start → started

These verb endings can be pronounced in three different ways. 

1. /ɪd/ after t or d sounds (forming an extra syllable)

→ started, wanted, needed

2. /t/ after unvoiced sounds like k, p, s, sh, ch, th, f

→ asked, helped, passed

3. /d/ after voiced sounds (everything else except t/d)

→ called, played, opened

Example sentences

• I had asked him before. 
• We had called him earlier. 

There are also many irregular verbs in English. Here are some of the most common ones with their past participle form: 

• be → been
• come → come
• go → gone/been
• have → had
• know → known
• speak → spoken
• understand → understood

Example sentences

• They had been together for 50 years by 2020. 
• I had spoken to him before. 

How to make the past perfect negative

To form a negative sentence in the past perfect simple, we use the structure had not + past participle. We often contract had not to hadn’t in informal speech and writing. 

Example sentences

• I had not opened the present. 
• They hadn’t been to Greece before. 

How to ask questions in the past perfect tense

To form questions in the past perfect simple, we invert the subject and had. For yes/no questions, the structure is Had + subject + past participle?

• Had you met before?

To form wh-questions in the past perfect simple, we place the question word before had. 

• What had he done?
• Where had she been?

Examples of past perfect in context

At a job interview

I’d already done internships at three different companies by the time I finished university. 

I had worked at the company for two years before I was promoted to a managerial position.  

In storytelling

She had just stepped onto the stage when suddenly, the lights went out! 

My wife and I had always wanted to visit Australia, so when we retired, we booked a trip.

Ava: How was your weekend away?

Liam: It was great! But we had a bit of a scare on the way there.

Ava: Oh no, what happened?

Liam: Well, we’d already left the city when I realized I had forgotten my wallet.

Ava: Seriously? 

Liam: Yeah, but luckily Emma had brought some cash, and I’d booked the hotel online the night before. So we were okay.

News report

The country had undergone years of political unrest before the revolution.   

Past perfect vs. simple past 

When talking about two past actions, use the past perfect for the earlier event and the past simple for the later one. Here’s an example: 

• By the time she arrived at the airport, her flight had already taken off. 

By the time is a very common phrase in the past perfect tense. 

Now, compare these sentences. Which shows that the children finished their homework before I got home? 

• When I got home, my children finished their homework. 
• When I got home, my children had finished their homework. 

The children finished before I got home in the second one. In the first, I got home and then they finished their homework. 

When NOT to use the past perfect tense

We don’t tend to use the past perfect tense when the order of events is clear from the context. In that case, we usually use the past simple. For example: 

• First, we went to the cinema and then we had dinner. 
• He said goodbye to everyone before he left. 

The order of events is very clear from the words first, then and before, so it’s not necessary to use the past perfect.

The role of “just” and other modifiers

In the past perfect tense, modifiers like just, already, never, and yet help to clarify timing, emphasis, and nuance in relation to a past event. 

• Just emphasizes that something happened a very short time before another past action. 

Ex. She had just left the office when the phone rang.

• Already highlights that something was completed earlier than expected. 

Ex. He’d already finished dinner when I arrived. 

• Never adds a sense of surprise or emphasis about something that hadn’t happened at any time before a specific past moment. 

Ex. I’d never seen snow before my trip to Canada. 

• Yet is used in negative sentences and questions to ask or state whether something had happened up to that point. 

Ex. When we left the house, the mail hadn’t arrived yet. 

Common mistakes learners make with the past perfect

1. Forgetting had

Learners sometimes forget to add had in the past perfect tense. 

• I been to the UK before. ❌

This structure, without had, is common in some English dialects, but it’s not standard. Don’t misplace had when using the past perfect! 

2. Overusing the past perfect

We explained above that it’s more appropriate to use the past simple tense when the order of events is clear. We also don’t use the past perfect when we have a chain of unrelated events. 

We usually use the past simple for this:  

• I woke up, ate breakfast, and went to work. 

Having a native-level teacher is key when you’re trying to learn how and when to use the past perfect (and any other tenses) accurately. If you’re trying to learn English, Lingoda’s native speaking teachers not only know instinctively which tense should be used, but they can also explain why and provide plenty of examples. 

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Past perfect vs. pluperfect: Is there a difference?

In English, the tenses referred to as the past perfect and the pluperfect are the same. Modern textbooks and courses tend to use the term past perfect. The same is true in other languages: the past perfect in German (Plusquamperfekt) might also be referred to as the pluperfect in English.

What is an example of past perfect vs past simple?

When I got home, my children had already eaten all the cake. (They ate it before I got there.)

When I got home, my children and I ate the cake. (We ate it together after I arrived home.)

What are the keywords for the past perfect?

A sentence containing had + -ed verb is in the past perfect. By the time is often a key indicator of this tense. 

Past perfect tense, future fluent you 

The past perfect tense helps you express the order and duration of past events, and it adds clarity to storytelling, professional communication, and academic writing. You now know how to form it, when to use it, and just as importantly, when not to.

If you want to take your grammar and fluency to the next level, Lingoda offers small group classes with native-level teachers who provide expert feedback and real-life examples. Learn to speak from day one, build confidence through practice, and enjoy flexible scheduling to suit your lifestyle. Start using advanced grammar like the past perfect naturally and accurately. Your future fluent self will thank you.

A practical guide to German irregular verbs

The term irregular applies to all German verbs that don’t follow standard conjugation rules. But within this broad category, there are important distinctions.

Strong verbs have stems that change vowels in certain tenses — for example, fahren (to go) becomes fuhr (Präteritum/past tense) and gefahren (Perfekt/past participle). In contrast, truly irregular verbs, like sein and haben, aren’t consistent and often change both their stems and endings in unexpected ways.

The good news? German has fewer irregular verbs than English. With some guidance and a bit of practice, you’ll find these patterns easier to grasp than you might think.

• How irregular verbs behave in German grammar
• The 5 main patterns of German strong verbs
• Present-tense conjugation table for common irregular verbs
• Tips to learn German irregular verbs faster
• German irregular verbs for English speakers: What’s easier (and harder)?
• FAQ

How irregular verbs behave in German grammar

Many irregular verbs still stick to the general structure of verb stem + conjugated ending, though they may differ from regular verbs in how the stem changes. This irregularity typically pops up in the du and er/sie/es forms, where the stem undergoes a vowel shift known as Ablaut. For example:

• nehmen (to take) → du nimmst, er/sie/es nimmt
• sehen (to see) → du siehst, er/sie/es sieht

Some verbs go beyond the Ablaut and show irregularities not only in the stem, but also in their endings. Such verbs are considered truly irregular and they include essential ones such as:

• haben (to have) → ich habe, du hast, er/sie/es hat
• sein (to be) → ich bin, du bist, er/sie/es ist
• werden (to become) → ich werde, du wirst, er/sie/es wird

Frustrated yet? It’s worth noting that the irregularities in German verbs aren’t simply random. They have historical roots that go back to earlier stages in the development of Germanic languages. The vowel changes we see (and struggle with) today are the result of systematic sound shifts that occurred centuries ago. Knowing this background isn’t strictly necessary, but it can help you see irregular verbs as part of a deeper structure rather than as agents of chaos.

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The 5 main patterns of German strong verbs

As you’ve probably noticed, most so-called “irregular” verbs are actually strong verbs that follow recognizable patterns. The Ablaut occurs here in a systematic and predictable way — mainly in the second-person singular (du) and third-person singular (er/sie/es) forms of the present tense, as well as in the past tense and participles. While you’ll still need to memorize these verbs individually, understanding how and where these irregularities occur will help you recognize patterns and conjugate verbs in German more easily.

All in all, there are five main patterns of German strong verbs, each defined by a specific sequence of vowel changes across tenses. 

Ablaut pattern: e → i

In these verbs, the stem changes from e to i in the second- and third-person singular:

• geben (to give) → du gibst, er/sie/es gibt
• essen (to eat) → du isst, er/sie/es isst
• vergessen (to forget) → du vergisst, er/sie/es vergisst

Ablaut pattern: e → ie

The stem vowel e of these verbs becomes ie in singular forms:

• lesen (to read) → du liest, er/sie/es liest
• sehen (to see) → du siehst, er/sie/es sieht
• empfehlen (to recommend) → du empfiehlst, er/sie/es empfiehlt

Ablaut pattern: a → ä

Here, a takes an umlaut and becomes ä:

• fahren (to drive) → du fährst, er/sie/es fährt
• schlafen (to sleep) → du schläfst, er/sie/es schläft
• tragen (to carry, to wear) → du trägst, er/sie/es trägt

Past-tense Ablaut pattern: i → a (or i → a → u)

These changes occur primarily in the simple past and past participle:

• sitzen (to sit) → ich saß, du saßt, er/sie/es saß
• liegen (to lie) → ich lag, du lagst, er/sie/es lag
• finden (to find) → ich fand, du fandest, er/sie/es fand

Some of the verbs in this group follow a full three-step pattern, e.g., beginnen (to begin) → begann → begonnen.

Irregular / mixed verbs (unpredictable forms)

These verbs don’t fit neatly into any Ablaut pattern and must be memorized:

• bringen (to bring) → ich bringe, du bringst, er/sie/es bringt
• wissen (to know) → ich weiß, du weißt, er/sie/es weiß
• tun (to do) → ich tue, du tust, er/sie/es tut
• senden (to send) → ich sende, du sendest, er/sie/es sendet

Present-tense conjugation table for common irregular verbs

The following table contains a list of German irregular verbs conjugated in the present tense, with the Ablaut in bold if present. These verbs are incredibly important to know, since you’ll encounter them often in daily interactions.

Tips to learn German irregular verbs faster

Learning German irregular verbs can be easier than expected if you know the right strategies.

We’ve already covered the first and most important one: recognizing common stems and endings. Most irregular verbs use the standard endings in the present tense. But a small group of highly irregular verbs — like sein, haben and werden — have different or shortened endings that you’ll need to memorize separately. Once you’ve set those aside, you can focus on the stems of the remaining strong verbs and start learning the five main Ablaut patterns.

Another helpful tip concerns so-called “mixed” verbs. These verbs can be tricky because they look like regular verbs in the present tense, but their stems are irregular in the simple past and past participle. It’s best to learn them as a group, focusing on their past forms and using tools like flashcards or tables, such as the one below:

Regardless of which kind of irregular verb you’re dealing with, a fun and effective way to learn them is by listening to and singing along with songs, such as those by Lern DEUTSCH durch SONGS. Apps and online tools such as the German Verb Conjugator can also help you practice basic German verbs and conjugation.

Of course, nothing beats practicing with native-level teachers, like those from Lingoda. Already in our German A1 course, you’ll start learning the most common irregular verbs.

German irregular verbs for English speakers: What’s easier (and harder)?

English and German are both Germanic languages, so they share similarities in verbs and verb behavior. If a verb is strong in English, it tends to be strong in German, too. In many cases, even the vowel changes adhere to comparable patterns. For example:

German actually has fewer irregular verbs than English — around 200, compared to nearly 300 in English. And most German irregular verbs conform to clear, consistent patterns. In contrast, many English irregular verbs have completely unpredictable past forms that you simply have to memorize.

Naturally, German has its challenges, too. Pronunciation and spelling changes can be a bit confusing at first, especially when strong verbs change their vowel in the present tense (e.g., fahren → fährst). Plus, there are more verb forms to learn; German draws a clearer distinction between the simple past (ich ging) and the perfect tense (ich bin gegangen) than English does.

In short, German irregular verbs are far more regular than they seem. With time, practice and a bit of pattern-spotting, they can actually become one of the more manageable parts of your learning journey.

How many irregular verbs are in German?

German has around 200 irregular verbs. That’s fewer than in many other languages, like English (which has nearly 300!).

How do you know if a verb is irregular in German?

Irregular verbs typically do not follow the regular conjugation patterns of weak verbs, which only add simple endings. They often undergo a vowel change in their stem, called Ablaut, in their present and past forms.

Mastering irregular German verbs

German irregular verbs tend to pop up quite often, so you’ll run into them early in your journey to mastering the language. Are you introducing yourself? Then you’re probably already using the irregular verb sein. Telling your doctor you have a fever? That means you’re using haben, another essential irregular verb.

Learning these verbs can seem confusing, but they’re generally easier to handle than their English counterparts. There are fewer of them, and most follow clear and predictable patterns.

If you’re looking for a supportive partner to help you learn German, Lingoda is here for you. With certified native-level teachers and flexible class schedules, our German courses give you ample opportunities to practice irregular verbs in real conversations at your own level and pace.

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How to introduce yourself in German: A step-by-step guide for beginners

Introducing yourself in German is easier than you might think! Whether you’re greeting someone formally, sharing your name with a new acquaintance, or talking about where you’re from, a few key expressions can help you ace your first impression. 

In this guide, we’ll walk you through the essentials — with practical tips and pronunciation help. Let’s get started!

• Begin with a greeting
• Say your name
• Where are you from?
• How to say your age in German
• Talk about where you live
• Mention your job or studies
• Share hobbies or interests
• Ending the introduction politely
• Bonus – Introducing yourself over the phone
• What NOT to do when introducing yourself
• FAQs

Begin with a greeting

The first step to introducing yourself is getting the greeting right. And there are a number of ways to greet someone in German, depending on the context, time of day and level of formality.

Formal and informal greetings

German has formal and informal ways to say hello. “Hallo!” is the most widely used informal greeting, and it’s easy for English speakers to remember. If you want to sound a bit more polite, you can try “Guten Tag” (Good day). In southern Germany and Austria, you might also hear “Grüß Gott,” which literally translates to “God bless.”

Examples and pronunciation tips

Here are some common German greetings along with their pronunciation:

Tip: German pronunciation is clear and distinct. The “r” in Morgen is either softly rolled or pronounced in the back of the throat, depending on the region, while the “ü” in Grüß Gott requires the same round lips you’d use when forming a whistle.

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Say your name

‘Ich heiße…’ vs. ‘Mein Name ist…’

When introducing yourself in German, you have two options. “Ich heiße…“ (I am called…) is the most widely used, while “Mein Name ist…“ (My name is…) is reserved for business or official contexts.

How to ask for someone else’s name

To ask for someone’s name in an informal situation, use “Wie heißt du?“ (What’s your name?). When you need to sound more polite, use “Wie heißen Sie?“. 

The key difference between these forms lies in the du (informal) and the Sie (formal), both of which can be used as a second-person pronoun (“you” in English). Germans take these distinctions seriously, so using the correct form helps set the right tone.

Where are you from?

‘Ich komme aus…’ and alternatives

The most common way to state where you’re from is “Ich komme aus…“ (I come from…). You might also hear “Ich bin aus…” (I am from…), which is slightly more informal.

When mentioning countries and cities, remember that German capitalizes all nouns. For example:

• Ich komme aus Deutschland. (I come from Germany.)
• Ich komme aus der Hauptstadt Berlin. (I am from the capital, Berlin.)

Asking where someone else is from

To ask someone where they’re from in an informal setting, use “Woher kommst du?” (Where do you come from?). If you need to speak formally, use “Woher kommen Sie?” instead.

How to say your age in German

Using ‘Ich bin … Jahre alt’

When stating your age in German, the standard phrase is “Ich bin … Jahre alt“ (I am … years old). You can also simply say “Ich bin 35” — it’s still perfectly clear. 

To ask someone’s age, you can say “Wie alt bist du?“ (How old are you?) in informal situations or “Wie alt sind Sie?“ when speaking formally.

Cultural note: Age and formality in Germany

Although asking about someone’s age is generally acceptable among children, teenagers and young adults, it may be considered impolite when speaking with older individuals or in professional environments, where people usually don’t discuss age unless it’s relevant. If you’re unsure whether to ask, it’s best to wait until the topic comes up naturally.

Talking about where you live

To say where you live in Germany, the most common phrase is “Ich wohne in…“ (I live in…). This works for neighborhoods, cities and countries alike. For example:

• Ich wohne in Köln. (I live in Cologne).

If you want to be more specific and mention your street, you can say “Ich wohne in der …straße.“ (I live on … street). For example:

• Ich wohne in der Goethestraße. (I live on Goethe Street).

To talk about a district or area within a city, you can say “Ich wohne im Stadtteil …“ (I live in the … district). For example:

• Ich wohne im Stadtteil Kreuzberg. (I live in the Kreuzberg district.)

Mention your job or studies

To inquire about what someone does professionally, you can ask “Was bist du von Beruf?” (What’s your profession?) in informal situations or “Was machen Sie beruflich?” in formal ones.

Some common professions in German are:

• Der Arzt, die Ärztin (doctor)
• Der Lehrer, die Lehrerin (teacher)
• Der Ingenieur, die Ingenieurin (engineer)
• Der Künstler, die Künstlerin (artist)
• Der Mechaniker, die Mechanikerin (mechanic)
• Der Bäcker, die Bäckerin (baker)

Share hobbies or interests

To talk about your hobbies in German, you can use “Ich interessiere mich für…“ (I am interested in…) followed by a noun, or simply “Ich [verb] gern…“ (I like to…).

• Ich interessiere mich für Musik. (I am interested in music.)
• Ich spiele gern Fußball. (I like to play soccer.)

Notice how gern (gladly, like to) goes after the verb in this construction:

• Ich lese gern. (I like to read.)
• Ich lese gern Gedichte. (I like to read poetry.)

Ending the introduction politely

To wrap up an introduction, you can say “Schön, dich/Sie kennenzulernen“ (Nice to meet you) using one or the other pronoun depending on the formality. Alternatively, “Es freut mich“ (I’m pleased) is a shorter, cordial way to express the same sentiment.

A polite handshake is common in formal settings, while a warm smile generally suffices in casual encounters. Germans value sincerity above expression, so body language tends to be more reserved.

Bonus: Introducing yourself over the phone

Why phone conversations feel tougher

Introducing yourself over the phone in German can feel more challenging than in person because you don’t have facial expressions or body language to rely on. Germans also tend to speak directly and efficiently on the phone, making it essential to start with a clear introduction.

Phrases to use on the phone

• Hallo, hier ist… (Hello, this is …)
• Guten Tag, mein Name ist … (Good day, my name is…)
• Könnte ich bitte mit … sprechen? (Could I speak with … please?)
• Worum geht es? (What is this about?)
• Könnten Sie das bitte wiederholen? (Could you repeat that, please?)

What not to do when introducing yourself

While being formal in casual settings might sound overly stiff, being too informal in professional settings can come across as something far worse: disrespectful. Err on the side of caution and formality to avoid awkward encounters.

Also, try to keep your introduction simple and natural, and be mindful of personal space — Germans appreciate a respectful distance, and overly enthusiastic gestures might feel intrusive.

How do I say ‘My name is…’ in German?

You can say “Ich heiße…“ (I am called…) or “Mein Name ist…” (My name is…). The first is more conversational, while the second is more formal.

Take the leap: Introduce yourself in German

Introducing yourself in German is simple once you know the key phrases. Sharing where you’re from, your age, where you live and your hobbies can help you open the door to meaningful connections with locals!

Want to practice real-life German with native speakers? Lingoda’s small group classes offer interactive learning environments to help you gain confidence in everyday conversations. Try one out and start speaking naturally!

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The top 5 resources for easy German news

Looking for a simple way to boost your German? Easy German news articles are a fantastic tool. For beginner and intermediate learners, diving into complex German newspapers might feel overwhelming. Luckily, many platforms offer simplified articles and audio stories specifically designed for learners. Here, we’ve rounded up the top 5 resources for easy German news to help you stay informed and improve your language skills at the same time.

• Why incorporate German news into your learning routine?
• Top platforms offering simplified news in German
• Tips for maximizing learning with easy German news
• FAQs

Why incorporate German news into your learning routine?

There are so many reasons to read or listen to the news in a language you’re learning! Easy news in German gives you access to authentic written and spoken materials in a learner-friendly format. You can learn contemporary language while helping you pick up idiomatic expressions and vocabulary used by native speakers. You can also choose stories that interest you to make the learning process more engaging. 

Many of the resources we highlight offer visual and audio versions of stories, too. This allows you to tailor your practice to your learning style (whether you learn better by reading or listening) and gives you a chance to work on weaker skills by combining both. You might also want to explore the best podcasts to learn German, many of which offer transcripts alongside the audio. 

To make the most of easy German news resources, try to stay active while learning. Engage with the content to make sure you remember new vocabulary and structures: write a summary of the article or create example sentences with the new vocabulary. If you can, discuss the articles with other German learners and try to use some of the new language — this is great if you attend German classes. And to improve your pronunciation, repeat after the speaker or shadow them (speak at the same time as them).

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Top 5 platforms offering simplified news in German

1. Nachrichtenleicht​

For beginners, Nachrichtenleicht​ is an excellent news platform with simplified articles covering current events. After each article, certain key words are explained in simple German (there are no translations), allowing you to further expand your vocabulary. You can also listen along to audio versions of the stories as you read.  

2. News in Slow German 

Designed for beginner and intermediate learners, News in Slow German features news stories delivered at a deliberately slower pace. You can choose to speed up the audio when you gain confidence or even slow it down further if necessary. Transcripts are provided, along with explanations of certain terms. Please note that to access most of the content on News in Slow German, you’ll need a paid subscription. 

3. Deutsche Welle’s ‘Langsam Gesprochene Nachrichten’​ 

For those at a B2-level who still need support to understand authentic listening materials, Deutsche Welle’s ‘Langsam Gesprochene Nachrichten‘ is ideal. With new uploads daily from Monday to Saturday, you can keep up with the latest stories in an easy-to-digest format. The audio is read slowly, and full transcripts are provided if you’d like to read along. 

4. Sloeful’s simple German news

Sloeful offers simplified German news suitable for A2 to B1-level learners. The articles focus on real past events, which are told through a simpler lens to help German learners follow along. From floods in Münster to lottery winners flying to the Moon, there’s a range of vocabulary-rich topics to discover. 

5. Todaii Easy German

For a broad sweep of stories, try Todaii Easy German. Articles from a range of official sites, including DW and Tagesschau, are uploaded daily. Learners can filter by level (from A0 to C2), news source, and topic, from travel to politics to science. 

Tips for maximizing learning with easy German news

To make sure you don’t get overwhelmed:

•  Choose beginner-friendly sources with level-appropriate vocabulary. Record new words in a notebook or app and review them regularly. Writing personalized examples is a great way to make sure new vocabulary sticks. 
• Start with slow-spoken news before working up to more rapidly spoken stories. Many of the sites above offer slower audio, so try listening to stories a few times, increasing the speed as your understanding improves. Transcripts are very helpful at first too, particularly if the story contains a lot of new vocabulary or the speaker has an unfamiliar accent. 
• Investigate unfamiliar cultural references.  They’re a chance to learn even more! You may want to use a search engine, read a similar article in your own language, or take any questions you have to your language tutor if possible. Native-speaking tutors can share a wealth of cultural information. 
• Finally, while reading or listening to the news is an excellent way to immerse yourself in German, it doesn’t provide you with a structured path forward in the way a German course can. Lingoda’s CEFR-aligned courses help you learn German systematically and are the perfect complement to independent reading and listening practice with easy German news. 

Are there German news platforms specifically designed for beginners?​

Yes! Nachrichtenleicht and News in Slow German have easy German news for beginners. 

Can listening to slow-spoken German news help with comprehension?​

Absolutely. Listening to slower audio can help comprehension. You can then speed up the audio as you gain confidence. 

How often should I read German news to see improvement?​

Aim to read at least one article per day and explore a variety of topics to broaden your vocabulary and deepen your cultural knowledge.

The benefits of easy German news for beginners 

Reading easy German news articles is a powerful step in your journey toward fluency. You’ll discover topics that interest you and learn the vocabulary to talk about them confidently. But, though news articles provide useful practice materials, they don’t offer a clear path for progression. 

The best way to learn German is to use a combination of authentic materials and a structured course. Lingoda’s small-group classes focus on teaching real-life language, just like you can learn from news articles, but have the additional benefit of allowing you to use all of the rich vocabulary you’re learning. The native-level teachers can add rich cultural context, and you can discuss what you’ve learned with like-minded classmates. 

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Why Germans Often Reply in English—And What It Means for Language Learners

Let’s imagine you’re in a cafe in Berlin. You order a coffee and a pastry in perfect German. The cashier replies in English. You ask where the bathroom is, again in perfect German. Once again, the cashier replies in English. You end the exchange with a frustrated, “Danke… (for not helping me practice my German).” 

So, why do so many German people switch to English when a foreigner speaks their language? Is it helpful or a hindrance to language learners? And can you stop them? In this article, we’re going to answer all of these questions. 

• Why do Germans switch to English?
• How do Germans perceive this behavior?
• The impact on German learners: A missed opportunity?
• How to encourage Germans to stick to German

Why do Germans switch to English?

High English proficiency in Germany

One reason Germans often switch to English is simply that they speak it more fluently than you speak German, particularly if you’ve just started learning. English proficiency in Germany is rated “high” on the EF English Proficiency Index. In fact, out of 116 countries, Germany ranked tenth. Most Germans start learning English in elementary school and so they have a considerable head start on people who begin their journey with German later in life. 

Cultural mindset: Efficiency and directness

Germans tend to communicate directly—what they say is what they mean. In many situations, conversations are functional and to the point. On the other hand, people trying to practice their language skills often pause, hesitate, and wrestle with words.  Many Germans see switching to English as the quickest way to communicate, and in a culture that values efficiency, faster often means better. As one user writes in Reddit’s ‘Ask A German‘ forum, “I will immediately switch to english the second I realise the conversation will become inefficient otherwise.” 

A matter of politeness?

The tendency to switch to English also comes from politeness and empathy. As Reddit user muesham puts it in the r/German forum, “If the other person seems to be nervous about speaking German, then we automatically feel like we should accommodate them by switching to a language that would make them feel less nervous.”

Stereotypes about foreigners and language abilities

Many German people also recognize that their language can be difficult for foreigners to learn. From the case system to the intimidatingly long words, German poses multiple challenges. Wanting to ease the burden for foreigners, Germans sometimes switch to English. 

How do Germans perceive this behavior?

Often, Germans switch to English without even realizing it.Reddit user muesham continues, “[Switching to English is] not a conscious decision, it’s just what we’re automatically inclined to do.” Other Germans simply like speaking English and take any opportunity to do so, as a user writes in the ‘Ask a German’ forum. 

There’s also a practical side, as user MrsButtercheese says in the same Reddit forum: “It can be kinda difficult to speak German with someone who isn’t also native or at least properly fluent, because you have to… [d]ial back your own accent, avoid slang and local dialect, slow down, etc.” 

So, if you find yourself frustrated because a German speaker keeps switching to English, remember they might not realize they’re doing it. They could just be trying to help—or practicing their English, too. 

The impact on German learners: A missed opportunity?

Constantly switching to English can affect German learners in several ways. Studies consistently show that immersion is one of the most effective ways to learn a new language. If you’re in Germany, being immersed in the language should be easy. But if everyone you talk to replies in English, your immersion is disrupted, which harms your ability to pick up the language. 

It can also be frustrating for learners who find themselves in a constant battle to get someone to reply in German. Many end up feeling stuck in a loop: they try to speak German, get a reply in English, and start questioning their skills. Ultimately, this lack of confidence will result in less speaking and slower progress. 

Stephen Krashen’s input hypothesis

When people switch to English, German learners are not only missing out on an opportunity to speak but on an opportunity to listen, too. Linguist Stephen Krashen, in his Input Hypothesis, states: “We acquire language in one way and only one way: when we are exposed to comprehensible input that is slightly beyond our current level.” So, having the chance to listen to and try to understand native German speakers is vital for learners who want to make progress in the language. 

How to encourage Germans to stick to German

Just ask, directly and politely

We already covered how German people favor a direct communication style, so use that to your advantage and ask them outright to speak German. Say this: 

• Ich möchte mein Deutsch verbessern, könnten wir bitte Deutsch sprechen? (I would like to improve my German. Could we please speak German?)

Take the advice of Scott Thornbury, author of How to Teach Speaking, when he says: “Language learning is about negotiation. If the conversation defaults to English, it’s the learner’s task to renegotiate the rules and steer it back to the target language — again and again.”

Use humor and self-deprecation

You can also take a more light-hearted approach when asking a German person to stick to German. Try these: 

• “Mein Deutsch ist noch nicht so gut, aber deins ist perfekt. Könntest du mir beim Üben helfen?” (My German isn’t very good, but yours is perfect! Can you help me practice?)
• “Dein Englisch ist schon so gut! Wäre es okay, wenn wir an meinem Deutsch arbeiten?” (Your English is already so good! Do you mind if we work on my German?)

If that fails, make yourself a badge that says “Nur Deutsch, bitte!” (German only, please!) and point to it when necessary. 

Show confidence and stick with it

If you don’t feel comfortable asking directly (or the person ignores your pleas), be persistent and keep replying to them in German. Don’t worry about why they’re replying in English; just keep your confidence up and plow on. 

Pick the right setting

Certain settings are better suited to having a conversation in German than others, and there are times when you may have to accept a reply in English. As Reddit user ExecWarlock writes, “If you are in a store, business environment or other similar situations, people are not your language teacher… it can be annoying and/or time-consuming for them to try to understand broken German.” However, if you get chatting with someone in a more relaxed, less transactional situation, it should be perfectly fine to ask your conversation partner to stick to German. 

Striking a balance 

For English speakers who arrive in Germany eager to practice their budding German, it can be frustrating and discouraging when the locals reply in fluent English. It’s crucial to remember that this is mostly well-intentioned, whether the German person wants to save you some trouble, ensure more efficient communication, or just practice their own English. 

German learners need to become comfortable expressing their desire to practice while taking into consideration where and when they’re doing it. And Germans, too, can be mindful that constant switching might unintentionally discourage learners and slow down their learning progress. Ultimately, mutual understanding (and maybe a “Nur Deutsch, bitte” badge) leads to better language exchange experiences.

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Essential Spanish food terms for every situation

Spanish-speaking countries are known for having some of the most amazing flavors around the world. You’re probably already highly motivated to learn at least some basic Spanish food vocab. 

From being able to buy groceries and order food in Spanish to becoming familiar with local eating habits, you’ll quickly see that getting food words in Spanish down will open up a new (and delicious) world to you. So, let’s feed that appetite and take a look at this comprehensive food glossary!

• Core Spanish food vocabulary
• Beverages in Spanish
• Sweet treats and desserts
• Dishes and meals in Spanish
• Flavors and cooking terms in Spanish
• Understanding Spanish mealtimes and food culture
• FAQs

Core Spanish food vocabulary

As an appetizer, we’ll start with essential Spanish food vocab. These are Spanish words you need to know to go shopping, order food at Spanish-speaking restaurants and even talk about dietary restrictions or allergies.

Let’s dive into how to say the most common vegetables, proteins and fruits in Spanish:

Vegetables (verduras / vegetales)

Here are example sentences using these words:

• Soy alérgico/a a la cebolla (I’m allergic to onion).
• Me encanta la lasaña de berenjena (I love eggplant lasagna).
• En México comen mucho rábano (They eat a lot of radish in Mexico).
• No me gustan las espinacas (I don’t like spinach).

Fruits (frutas)

• Adriana hace un pay de manzana delicioso (Adriana makes a delicious apple pie).
• El jugo de naranja me hace daño (Orange juice doesn’t sit well with me).
• El vino está hecho de uvas (Wine is made of grapes).

Proteins (proteínas)

• No como carne, soy vegetariana/o (I don’t eat meat, I’m a vegetarian).
• Me gustan los waffles con tocino (I like waffles with bacon).
• La salchicha alemana es la mejor (German sausage is the best).

Grains (granos), nuts (nueces) and staple foods

• Mi cerveza favorita es la de trigo (Wheat beer is my favorite).
• Ya no tenemos vinagre (We ran out of vinegar).
• Le hace falta pimienta a la pasta (The pasta is missing some pepper).
• La sopa de lentejas es mi favorita (Lentil soup is my favorite).

Dairy (lácteos)

• Desayuno yogurt con fruta (I have fruit with yogurt for breakfast).
• No me gusta el queso fuerte (I don’t like strong cheese).

Beverages in Spanish

How are we gonna wash down all those small-plate tapas? Let’s order some drinks (bebidas)!

Common drinks (bebidas)

• Para mí un agua mineral, por favor (Sparkling water for me, please).
• Siempre ceno un licuado de plátano (I always have a banana smoothie for dinner).

Alcoholic beverages (bebidas con alcohol)

• Me da, por favor, una cerveza de barril (Can I get a draft beer, please?).
• El alcohol me causa resaca (Alcohol gives me a hangover).
• La sidra es muy suave (Cider is very smooth).

Pro tip: If you want to work on your Spanish vocabulary, joining classes is a game-changer. At Lingoda, you’ll learn vocab in an immersive manner. You can focus on speaking from day one and practicing real-life conversation skills. Plus, you can set your schedule however works best for you and choose between small group or private Spanish lessons.

Sweet treats and desserts

We’re approaching the end of our meal. If you fancy something sweet, take a moment to learn these food words in Spanish for sweet treats and desserts:

Popular Spanish desserts (postres)

• ¿Tienen churros con chocolate? (Do you have churros with chocolate?).
• El roscón de reyes se come en enero (Kings’ day bread is eaten in January).

Common sweet ingredients and foods

• No puedo comer azúcar debido a mi salud (I can’t eat sugar due to my health).
• El chocolate es mi dulce favorito (Chocolate is my favorite candy).
• Prefiero la miel de maple a la de abeja (I prefer maple syrup to honey).
• Se me antoja un sándwich de crema de cacahuate (I feel like a peanut butter sandwich).

Dishes and meals in Spanish

Let’s take a look now at some staple dishes and meal items in Spanish:

• Prefiero la ensalada a la hamburguesa (I prefer the salad to the burger).
• La sopa va antes del plato fuerte (Soup comes before the main dish).
• A la ensalada le falta aderezo (The salad lacks dressing).

Flavors and cooking terms in Spanish

Learning vocabulary for describing flavors and cooking techniques can come in handy in different situations. Want to show appreciation for a meal? Or go through that great Spanish cookbook you got during your last holiday? We’ve got you.

Describing tastes, textures and flavors 

This is how you can talk about flavor, temperature and texture:

• Está muy… picante / rico / salado / dulce (It’s very… spicy / delicious / salty / sweet).
• Está… caliente / frío (It’s… hot / cold).
• Es / Está … crujiente / suave / seco (It’s… crunchy / soft / dry).

Essential cooking verbs 

Here are a few examples of how you might see these verbs in recipes:

• Voltea la carne para salpimentar y sírvela caliente (Flip the meat, season it and serve it hot).
• Pica la zanahoria y agrégala a la preparación (Chop the carrot and add it to the mixture).
• Hornea el pay por 45 minutos y sirve cuando aún esté tibio (Bake the pie for 45 minutes and serve it while still swarm).
• Lava el pollo, colócalo en un recipiente y déjalo marinar (Wash the chicken, place in a tray and let it marinate).
• Deja enfriar antes de servir (Let it cool before serving).

Measurements (medidas)

In Spain and Latin American countries, these are the most common measuring units used in cooking:

• Horneamos el pastel a 200º por 30 minutos (We bake the cake at 200º for 30 minutes).
• Agregamos una onza de vodka (We add one ounce of vodka).
• Terminamos con una pizca de sal (We finish off with a pinch of salt).

Understanding Spanish mealtimes and food culture

Let’s check out some Spanish food vocab related to mealtimes and discuss some meal habits in Spain and Latin America:

Common Spanish meals and their names

• Para la cena habrá sopa de tomate (We’ll have tomato soup for dinner).
• El desayuno es la comida más importante del día (Breakfast is the most important meal of the day).
• Hablamos a la hora de la comida (Let’s talk at lunchtime).

Note: As you can see, dinner in Spain is served rather late compared to American dinner time. That’s why there’s snack time (merienda) in the afternoon. On the other hand, tapas are usually served with drinks –so they’re more like bar food.

Typical eating habits in Spain and Latin America

A common thread between Latin American countries and Spain is that lunch is the main meal of the day –this is when you’ll get the most substantial dish. Dinner, however, tends to be lighter.

One major difference is the role wine plays in Spanish food culture. It’s common, for instance, to find a bottle of wine at the lunch or dinner table. Having a glass or two is quite normal. In most Latin American countries, though, wine is mostly saved for the weekends. People don’t drink much alcohol during the working week unless there’s a celebration or a get-together with friends.

How mealtimes vary by region

Just like in Spain, many countries in Latin America –like Mexico and Argentina– also have three mealtimes (breakfast, lunch and dinner). However, in Mexico and Colombia, for example, dinner is served earlier, usually between 19:00 and 21:00. In Argentina, it’s typically between 20:00 and 23:00 (sometimes even later!).

A big difference, though, is that in Spain, kitchens are open only during mealtimes –so it’s not possible to have a meal just anytime you want. In Latin America, for its part, restaurants are usually open throughout the day or in the late afternoon.

What are the names of meals in Spanish?

What is a typical Spanish food called?

Spain is home to some of the most mouthwatering food in the world (and fruity wine sangría, of course)! Typical dishes include: tortilla de patatas, jamón ibérico, churros, paella, gazpacho, pimientos padrón, pulpo a la gallega, croquetas and patatas bravas.

Feeling confident and hungry

Whether you’re thinking about moving or traveling to a Spanish-speaking country, learning the most common Spanish food terms –from cooking verbs to kitchen essentials– will help you navigate daily life like a pro. You’ll be able to shop (and chop!), order food at a restaurant and confidently express how much you liked your paella without a problem. And if you’re hungry for more vocabulary, join us at Lingoda today! Our fantastic teachers and focus on real-life conversations will give you the perfect boost.

Spanish transition words: What are they and how do we use them?

Spanish transition words are an essential part of Spanish grammar. Just like Spanish prepositions and other connecting words, these words help us establish logical links between different elements in a text, such as paragraphs, sentences and other syntactic groups.

Why is it important to learn them? Well, mastering the most common Spanish transition words will significantly boost your language skills. By using them, we develop a natural flow to our written and spoken communication. Whether we are looking to write a smooth work email or confidently engage in small talk in Spanish, these simple words help us guide our audience through our ideas with ease.

So, let’s dive into what transition words are and the purpose they serve. We’ll also take a look at some examples to get a better grasp on the topic. Let’s go!

• What are Spanish connecting words and transition words?
• Categories of Spanish transition words
• How to master Spanish transition words
• Bonus: Advanced transition phrases

What are Spanish connecting words and transition words?

Spanish connecting words are tools that create links between words, paragraphs and sentences. Transition words are a subtype of connecting words that act as bridges between ideas or arguments. They help the speaker transition from one sentence to the next in a coherent and natural way.

Transition words are crucial for cohesion. They facilitate comprehension. Without them, our texts and speech can come across as choppy or impersonal. This affects our ability to communicate effectively and engage our audience’s attention (even if our spelling and grammar are impeccable). In fact, they’re so essential that we can find equivalents in all languages, including English. 

English vs. Spanish transition words

To illustrate what these connecting words are all about, let’s compare some Spanish and English transition words:

Now, imagine if we didn’t use transition words in English:

• With a transition word: I don’t think I’ll know anyone at the party. Nevertheless, I’ll still come (No creo que vaya a conocer a alguien en la fiesta. Sin embargo, sí iré).
• Without a transition word: I don’t think I’ll know anyone at the party. I’ll still come (No creo que vaya a conocer a alguien en la fiesta. Sí iré).

It feels disjointed without the transition word, right? The same is true in Spanish.

Categories of Spanish transition words 

Spanish transition words allow us to contrast, expand and explain ideas. Let’s break them down into categories according to their use:

Transition words for time (chronology)

These let you connect ideas in relation to the time they occur. They’re particularly useful, for instance, when giving a chronicle, telling an anecdote or even writing a recipe.

Here are some common examples:

This is how we can use some of them in a sentence: 

• Primero, iremos al cine. Después, a cenar (First, we’ll go to the cinema. Then, to dinner).
• Lorena es estudiante de medicina; pronto será doctora (Lorena is a medical student; soon, she’ll be a doctor).
• Finalmente, agregamos la leche (Lastly, we add the milk).

Transition words for adding or expanding ideas

Looking to add context or introduce another detail? Check out these transition words:

• No sé si tengo ganas de salir esta noche. Además, mañana me levanto temprano (I’m not sure I feel like going out tonight. Plus, I’m getting up early tomorrow).
• Me lastimé el pie y me corté la mano (I hurt my foot and I cut my hand).

Transition words for explaining and giving examples

These words allow us to explain what we just said:

• Me gustan los deportes en el exterior. Por ejemplo, el tenis y el golf (I like outdoors sports. For example, tennis and golf).
• Los conectores nos ayudan a darle coherencia a la estructura de un enunciado. Es decir, a darle lógica (Connectors help us give coherence to a sentence structure. That is to say, to give it logic).

Note: These words come in particularly handy in academic contexts, since they are used to support our arguments. However, be careful not to overuse them or your content may become redundant.

Transition words for contrasting and comparing ideas

These help us compare ideas, objects or people:

• Romina siempre se viste de verde, pero hoy se vistió de azul (Romina always wears green, but today she is dressed in blue).
• Las plantas no recibieron agua por varios días; no obstante, sobrevivieron (the plants weren’t given water for many days; nevertheless, they survived).

Note: Due to their elevated tone, some of these transition words are especially common in formal writing. They are less common in casual conversations. Some examples are: no obstante, por el contrario, sin embargo. 

These words sound quite formal, so reserve them for written communication and speaking in official capacities. That could include giving a business presentation, an academic speech, or reading a written statement to an audience.

Transition words for cause and effect relationships

These words are also known as ‘transition words for results’. We use them to introduce the cause or the consequence of an action:

• No me siento bien hoy, así que no podré ir a tu reunión (I’m not feeling well today, so I won’t be able to come to your get-together).
• Hervir la mezcla puede alterar los sabores. Por lo tanto, hay que prestar atención a la temperatura (Boiling the mixture could alter the flavors. Therefore, we must pay attention to the temperature).
  

Note: These words can also be useful when presenting the conclusion of an argument or attempting to persuade an audience about something. 

This includes value judgments.

 –El uso de la Inteligencia Artificial puede ser nocivo para el medio ambiente. Por esta razón, es importante que la usemos con cuidado (The use of Artificial Intelligence can be detrimental to the environment. For this reason, it’s important that we use it carefully).

Transition words for conclusions and summarizing

If you’re looking to summarize an argument or make a concluding statement, you can use one of these words:

• En resumen, aprender un nuevo idioma te abrirá puertas tanto en tu carrera como en tu vida personal (To summarize, learning a new language will open new doors for you both in your career and your personal life).
• Finalmente, agregamos coco rallado para decorar (Lastly, we add grated coconut as decoration).

There you have some of the most common transition words in Spanish. It’s probably clear, by now, how they are used. The next step is incorporating them into your daily language. Want to practice using them in real-life conversations? Join our immersive, small-group classes at Lingoda and start learning Spanish online today.

How to master Spanish transition words?

These are some of the best ways to learn new vocabulary:

• Read news articles, books and blogs in Spanish: Pay attention to all the transition words you come across. How are they used? In what context? Use each structure to create your own examples.
• Use learning apps: Sign up for Anki or Duolingo and practice during your free time. Turn that long commute into an opportunity!
• Practice with discourse scrambles: Find a paragraph that uses transition words, break it apart and try to put it back together in the correct order.

Bonus: Advanced transition phrases

Now we are familiar with some of the most common transition words in Spanish. Ready to take it a step further? Here are some advanced constructions that work as transitions, but they are longer. 

A transition phrase works the same as a transition word in Spanish, except it uses a combination of words rather than just one or two. These phrases can also be considered colloquialisms AKA idioms. You may hear slight variations depending on what Spanish-speaking country you visit.

These full phrases will have you speaking Spanish like a pro:

• Vale la pena señalar que… – It is worth pointing out that…
• De vez en cuando… – From time to time…
• Por lo que concierne a [X]… – As far as [X] is concerned…
• Hay que recalcar que… – It must be highlighted that…
• Cabe mencionar que… – It’s worth noting that…
• No debemos olvidar que… – We must not forget that…

Use Spanish transition words to get speaking!

Spanish transition words play a crucial role in written and spoken communication. They help us connect ideas by establishing contrasts, cause-and-effect relationships and timelines. Mastering them will give our language skills a serious boost, keeping our audience engaged and allowing us to communicate effectively.

At Lingoda, our native-level teachers will guide you through all things transition words and much, much more. Plus, with our flexible schedule, you can start learning right away! You’ll be speaking Spanish with confidence before you know it. We promise.

Your ultimate vocabulary guide to body parts in Italian

After all, Italian is a language not only of words but of animated body gestures that bring conversations to life.

In this guide, you’ll discover key body part names, explore fun idioms and get a glimpse into Italy’s famous body language. We’ll also share practical phrases for real-life situations and tips to help you memorize them effortlessly. By the end, you won’t just know how to say braccio or occhio — you’ll understand how Italians use these words every day.

• Basic body parts vocabulary
• Plural forms and gender agreement
• Common idiomatic expressions involving body parts
• The role of hand gestures in Italian communication
• Practical applications
• Tips to learn the body parts in Italian
• FAQs

Basic body parts vocabulary

Head and face 

Upper body 

Lower body 

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Plural forms and gender agreement

Nouns are gendered in Italian. So, when we talk about body parts, we must know their gender to understand how they change in the plural and how adjectives agree with them.

Most nouns ending in -o are masculine, and their plurals end in -i:

• un occhio (one eye) → due occhi (two eyes)

Most nouns ending in -a are feminine, and their plurals end in -e:

• una spalla (one shoulder) → due spalle (two shoulders)

Nouns ending in -e can be either gender (you must simply memorize them), and their plurals always end in -i:

• il dente (the tooth) → i denti (the teeth)

What about the exceptions? Yes, some body parts break these rules completely: 

Note:  These exceptions generally apply to words that originate in Latin. This is just one of the many ways in which modern Italian still shows its Latin roots.

Common idiomatic expressions involving body parts

Italian is full of expressions that use body parts metaphorically to describe feelings, actions and situations. Many of these metaphors don’t translate literally into English, but nearly all of them are vivid enough to remember without much trouble. 

Here are some of the most common Italian idioms and metaphors involving body parts:

• avere le mani bucate (to have holes in one’s hands, i.e., to be someone who can’t hold onto money)
• avere il cuore in gola (to have the heart in one’s throat, i.e., to be very scared)
• farsi in quattro (to split oneself into four, i.e., to go above and beyond)
• non avere peli sulla lingua (to have no hairs on one’s tongue, i.e., to be brutally honest)
• mettere il naso negli affari altrui (to stick one’s nose in others’ business, i.e., to be nosy)
• essere tutto orecchi (to be all ears, i.e., to be fully attentive)
• avere le braccia corte (to have short arms, i.e. to be stingy)
• prendere qualcuno sotto gamba (to take someone under the leg, i.e. to underestimate someone)
• stare con le mani in mano (to stay with hands in hand, i.e., to be idle)
• avere la testa fra le nuvole (to have one’s head in the clouds, i.e. to be a daydreamer)

The role of hand gestures in Italian communication

If you’ve ever seen Italians talk, you’ve probably noticed that their hands speak just as much as their words. Gestures are a fundamental part of Italian communication, adding emotion, emphasis and meaning to conversations. Some gestures have been passed down for many generations, and have become so iconic that they almost allow you to have a conversation without using words. Let’s take a look at some of them!

🤌 Fingers pinched together, moving up and down
Meaning: What are you saying? What do you want? This gesture may also simply double as a question mark. Use it when you’re confused, frustrated or questioning something.

🤷 Brushing the top of your fingers off the chin
Meaning: I don’t care. This gesture can be playful or dismissive, depending on the context.

🏃 Flicking the back of the hand under the chin
Meaning: Let’s leave; forget about it; there’s no sense trying. Use this gesture to discreetly signal someone to go or to drop a subject of conversation.

🤯 Tapping the index finger to the side of the head
Meaning: That’s crazy! Use this gesture when someone is acting irrationally.

😋 Poking the cheek with the index finger and twisting it
Meaning: Flavorful or delicious. Use this gesture to express that something tastes great.

Practical applications

Knowing how to talk about body parts in Italian isn’t just useful for casual conversation. It’s also essential in medical situations and when describing sensations or emotions. Whether you need to explain a symptom at the doctor’s office or express how you feel, these Italian phrases will help you confidently navigate real-life situations.

Medical situations

• Mi fa male la testa. (My head hurts.)
• Ho mal di stomaco. (I have a stomachache.)
• Mi sono fatto/-a male al ginocchio. (I hurt my knee.)
• Mi gira la testa. (I feel dizzy.)
• Può controllare il mio polso? (Can you check my wrist?)
• Ho un dolore al petto. (I have chest pain.)
• Mi sono tagliato/-a il dito. (I cut my finger.)
• Sono allergico/-a a… (I’m allergic to…)
• Mi serve un medico. (I need a doctor.)
• Dove si trova la farmacia più vicina? (Where is the nearest pharmacy?)

Describing physical sensations and emotions

The idiomatic meanings of the below expressions directly translate to English, and you can use them to describe physical sensations and emotions in the same contexts.

• Mi batte forte il cuore. (My heart is racing.)
• Ho i brividi. (I have chills.)
• Mi tremano le mani. (My hands are shaking.)
• Ho le gambe pesanti. (My legs feel heavy.)
• Mi sento le farfalle nello stomaco. (I feel butterflies in my stomach.)
• Mi scoppia la testa. (My head is exploding.)
• Ho la pelle d’oca. (I have goosebumps.)
• Mi manca il respiro. (I’m out of breath.)
• Mi sento debole. (I feel weak.)

Tips to learn the body parts in Italian

Memorizing body parts in Italian can be fun and easy with the right methods! Here are some of the most effective ways to practice:

• Use flashcards – Write the Italian name on one side and the English translation on the other. Some apps also offer digital flashcards if you don’t have paper on hand.
• Label your body – Stick small labels on different parts of your body (or on a drawing) to reinforce vocabulary visually.
• Practice with gestures – Point to or touch the body part while saying its name out loud. This physical connection can help with memory consolidation.
• Sing songs and watch videos – Children’s songs and YouTube videos make learning engaging and interactive.
• Describe symptoms – Imagine explaining an illness or sensation to a doctor using the vocabulary.
• Take online classes – Platforms like Lingoda offer structured lessons with native teachers to help you improve your vocabulary and pronunciation.

Consistency is key, so you can always mix different techniques to help reinforce what you learn!

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What body parts are on the waist?

On the vita (waist), you will find i fianchi (the hips) and l’ombelico (the navel).

How do you describe someone’s hair in Italian?

To describe someone’s hair, simply say, “Ha i capelli…” + the appropriate adjective (e.g., Lei ha i capelli ricci → She has curly hair.)

How is body language used in Italy?

Italians typically use hand gestures and facial expressions to emphasize emotions, clarify meaning and add flair to communication.

From head to toe: Now you know the body parts in Italian! 

Mastering body parts goes beyond simple Italian vocabulary — it’s about understanding grammar, idioms, gestures and real-life usage. From singular and plural rules to expressive hand movements, you now have the tools to speak more naturally and confidently.

If you want to continue learning Italian, why not consider Lingoda? Our native-level teachers offer structured lessons and real-life conversation practice!

The next time you’re speaking Italian, don’t forget to let your hands do some of the talking! Using vocabulary and gestures in daily situations will help you build confidence. Remember to practice often and, most importantly, have fun with it! 

French adverbs explained

French adverbs can completely change the meaning of a sentence. Take these two sentences, for example:

• Elle me parle rarement. (She rarely talks to me.)
• Elle me parle tout le temps. (She talks to me all the time.)

Can you spot the difference?? It’s all in the adverb!

In English, as in French, adverbs can be used to modify a verb, an adjective, a prepositional phrase or even another adverb. But French adverbs are formed and placed according to rules that English speakers may struggle to learn.

To help you master this concept and build more descriptive sentences, let’s break down how French adverbs are formed and where they fit in sentences.

• What are French adverbs?
• How to form French adverbs
• Types of French adverbs and their usage
• Where do French adverbs go in a sentence?
• FAQs

What are French adverbs?

French adverbs, just like in other languages, modify verbs, adjectives, prepositional phrases and even other adverbs. They’re equivalent to many of the words ending in -ly in English (though adverbs in English can also take on other endings).

Adverbs answer questions about the words they modify — how, when, where, how often, how much and to what extent. As a French speaker, you can use adverbs to express your thoughts more precisely and more fluently (wink, wink).

Let’s start with a reminder on the difference between verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

Verbs are used to express actions and states of being.

• Il fait du vélo. (He rides a bike.)
• Je m’amuse. (I’m having fun.)

Adjectives are used to describe or modify nouns or pronouns.

• Elle est grande. (She’s tall.)
• C’est un beau bâtiment. (It’s a beautiful building.)

Adverbs are used to describe or modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

• Je m’amuse énormément. (I’m having a lot of fun.)
• Elle est vraiment sympa. (She’s really nice.)

And you know what’s great about French adverbs specifically? They are invariable (for a change)! Their spelling is always the same, so you only need to learn one form of the word.

If you want to improve your French, adverbs are your best friends — along with Lingoda, of course! Our classes can help you speak with confidence as you practice with native-level teachers and a small group of learners.

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How to form French adverbs

Now that we’ve clarified the role of French adverbs, let’s see how they’re formed.

• Some adverbs come from Latin words — for example, bien (well) and hier (yesterday). 
• Other adverbs are adjectives that remain unchanged — for example, chanter faux (sing out of tune) and coûter cher (be expensive). 
• But most adverbs are formed from adjectives, adding the suffix -ment to the stem of the word.

The common suffix ‘-ment’

Most adverbs are formed from adjectives ending in -e. If the adjective is gender-neutral, the ending -ment is added at the end of the word:

rapide > rapidement (quickly)

If the masculine form of the adjective doesn’t end with an -e, don’t worry! In this case, the adverb is formed using the feminine form of the adjective, as in the below example with the adverb lentement (slowly):

lent (masculine) > lente (feminine) > lentement (adverb)

When the masculine form of the adjective ends with ‑ai, ‑é, ‑i or ‑u, the adverb is formed from the masculine form:

joli > joliment (nicely)

Lastly, when an adjective ends with -ant or -ent, the adverb is formed by adding the suffix -amment or -emment at the end of the word.

élégant > élégamment (elegantly)

Irregular French adverbs

Though the formation of most adverbs follows the above rules, there are also a number of irregular adverbs in French.

Examples of irregular French adverbs ending with -ment include: gentiment (nicely), brièvement (briefly) and prudemment (carefully). 

Other irregular adverbs include: bien (well), mal (badly) and mieux (better).

Like all irregular forms, irregular adverbs must be memorized. 

Types of French adverbs and their usage

French adverbs are categorized based on the kind of modification they produce.

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of manner answer the question “how?”.

• Il parle. (He speaks.)
• Il parle fort. (He speaks loudly.)

Other common adverbs of manner include:

• lentement (slowly)
• malheureusement (unfortunately)
• heureusement (luckily)

poliment (politely)

The adverbs clairement (clearly) and carrément (totally) are both commonly used in informal French. For example: C’est carrément incroyable ! (It’s totally incredible!)

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of time in French answer the question “when?”.

• Elles viennent. (They come.)
• Elles viennent demain. (They come tomorrow.)

Other common adverbs of time include: 

• souvent (often)
• jamais (never)
• aujourd’hui (today)
• “bientôt (soon)

Note: adverbs of time impact how tenses are used in French. In some cases, they override the expected tense usage.

In the sentence Elle arrive bientôt (She’ll be there soon), the adverb bientôt creates a future meaning even though the sentence uses the present tense.

Sometimes, adverbs also require a specific tense. For example, the adverbs autrefois and jadis (formerly; in the past) are typically used with the imperfect tense:

• Autrefois, nous allions pêcher. (In the past, we used to go fishing.)

Using the wrong tense in French is one of the more common French grammar mistakes, so be sure to keep these rules in mind.

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of place answer the question “where?”.

• Je l’ai trouvé. (I found it.)
• Je l’ai trouvé là-bas. (I found it over there.)

Other common adverbs of place include: 

• ici (here)
• partout (everywhere)
• quelque part (somewhere)
• dehors (outside)
• dedans (inside)

For example: Je t’attends ici. (I’m waiting for you here.)

These examples illustrate how adverbs of place are generally positioned after the verb.

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of frequency answer the question “how often?”.

• Je vais à la piscine. (I go swimming.)

Je vais nager tous les jours. (I go swimming every day.)

Other common adverbs of frequency include: 

• toujours (always)
• rarement (rarely)
• parfois (sometimes)
• jamais (never)

For example: Je l’ai toujours dit. (I’ve always said so.)

Like adverbs of place, adverbs of frequency are generally positioned after the verb. In a sentence using the compound past (Je l’ai toujours dit.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary verb and the past participle.

Adverbs of quantity and degree

Adverbs of quantity and degree in French answer the question “how much?” or “to what extent?”.

• J’aime les carottes. (I like carrots.)
• J’aime beaucoup les carottes. (I like carrots a lot.)

Other common adverbs of quantity and degree include:

• très (very)
• trop (too much)
• assez (quite, fairly)
• peu (few, little)

For example: Elle parle trop. (She talks too much.)

In casual conversations, you’ll notice that French people use the adverb trop quite a lot. For example, a French person  might say to a friend, “C’est trop cool !” (“It’s really cool!”).

Pay attention to the subtle differences between certain adverbs with similar meanings. For example, peu and légèrement mean almost the same thing, but peu is more common and légèrement is more precise.

Want some more practice learning French adverbs? You can find complete French adverbs lists and exercises on the internet.

Where do French adverbs go in a sentence?

General placement rules

Placement in sentences with multiple verbs

The meaning of a sentence may vary depending on where the adverb is placed in the sentence.

•  When an adverb is placed before the verb (or between the auxiliary and main verb), it tends to modify the entire verbal phrase. When it’s placed after the verb, it typically modifies only that specific verb.

• Il a simplement parlé. (He just spoke.)
• Il a parlé simplement. (He spoke simply.)

Stylistic placement in literature and poetry

French adverbs are also used for stylistic purposes. This is most common in literature and poetry.

Here again, the placement of the adverb allows the author or poet to add emphasis or rhythm to their creative work.

See this excerpt from “Les feuilles mortes” by Jacques Prévert:

Mais la vie sépare ceux qui s’aiment,

Tout doucement, sans faire de bruit

(But this life separates those who love,

softly, with not a hint of noise)

The adverbial phrase “tout doucement” slows the rhythm of the poem and amplifies the melancholic atmosphere expressed in “sans faire de bruit”.

What is an adverb in French with examples?

An adverb in French (as in English) is a word that modifies verbs, adjectives, prapositional phrases or other adverbs. Examples of French adverbs include généralement (generally), strictement (strictly), demain (tomorrow) and tôt (early).

How do you turn French words into adverbs?

Most French adverbs are formed based on adjectives. Regular adverbs are formed by adding the ending -ment, -amment or -emment at the end of the adjective. For example: rapide becomes rapidement (quickly).

French adverbs: What to remember 

Mastering French adverbs is a big step toward becoming a fluent French speaker. The good news? Adverb categories and adverb usage in French don’t differ so much from what you’re already used to in English. Remember that most adverbs are formed with the -ment suffix, though several common ones are irregular. Also, keep in mind that their placement varies depending on tense and what they modify.

While you’re exploring French grammar, you can also review our article about French grammar rules. And don’t forget: Lingoda’s French conversation online classes can help you practice using adverbs and grasp the subtleties of their irregularities.

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Crafting a meaningful learning experience: An Interview with Laura Patsko, Senior Learning ExperienceDesigner

At Lingoda, learning isn’t just about textbooks or teachers—it’s a full experience shaped by thoughtful design. In this interview, we speak with Laura Patsko, our Senior Learning Experience Designer who plays a crucial role in crafting that experience. From aligning lessons with CEFR standards to working with top-tier teachers and contributing to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) initiatives, her work ensures that every student feels challenged, supported, and truly seen. Based in Greece and thriving in a remote-first culture, she also reflects on building team connections across borders and why inclusive learning design is essential in making education accessible and impactful for all. If you are interested in joining Lingoda, then check out our career page!

Can you briefly explain to us what learning design at Lingoda means? What is your role in this?

Learning is a whole experience – it’s not just about the materials, the teacher, the environment (physical or digital) or the students themselves, but how all of those things interact. So, a learning designer’s role is to understand those interactions and work to improve each “piece of the puzzle” so that the whole learning experience is effective and enjoyable.

How should the learning experience for students feel and how do you achieve this?

A good learning experience is engaging and appropriately challenging. That means not too easy and not too hard. One way that we aim to achieve this is by creating materials that align with the CEFR (a standard framework of 6 levels of proficiency in a language) so that Lingoda students can find the right level for their current abilities and goals. We also work with experienced and qualified teachers who know how to make our materials “come alive” and to engage students in different ways according to their needs and personalities.

You truly embody our remote-friendly work culture as you work from Greece. How do you experience working at Lingoda from a different country?

I joined Lingoda in 2024 but I’ve been working remotely since 2018! So it wasn’t a big change for me. The most important thing for remote work is to still feel connected on a personal, human level to the rest of my team. We achieve this by having regular team-building activities and regular 1-to-1 chats with certain team members, with a focus not only on doing our jobs but also getting to know each other. This helps feel closer to the team even when we’re physically far apart.

You are also part of our DEI representative group. What kind of initiatives and projects are you working on there?

We’re currently working on a variety of projects, including asynchronous basic training courses for all new Lingodies, regular “round table” discussions to reflect on these courses (but also open to all who wish to participate) and an upcoming DEI Month, which will feature external guest speakers and cover various topics that people across Lingoda have requested or shown an interest in over the past year. We also share weekly “Tuesday Tips for DEI” on Slack (our internal communications platform). They contain insights and things to try if you’re interested in DEI but don’t know how to apply its key principles in practice.

What motivated you to advocate for DEI? What are you most passionate about?

Perhaps unconsciously, I’ve been interested in DEI for as long as I can remember, probably because I had previous life experiences of feeling left out or being in a minority. So I’ve seen the huge difference it can make when you meet people genuinely trying to make the world a fairer place, with more opportunities for everybody to fulfill their potential. It’s a big wide world out there… there’s room for all of us! Professionally, I started working on DEI projects around 2020 when I was part of a freelance team that developed some guiding principles and practical tools for “ILXD” (Inclusive Learning Experience Design). It’s essential in all aspects of life, including at work, for people to feel like their needs are met and their voices are heard. Great things can happen when we learn to listen to each other and to see things from someone else’s perspective.

What are you particularly proud of when thinking about your work and contribution at Lingoda?

I like to work in a place that has a general culture of ongoing learning, so I’m proud of doing my part to build and support this. When we’re busy, it’s easy to focus only on one or two teams or projects. However, I believe it’s important to connect them. So I try to share things I learned in one team or project with the people in another and to encourage them to do the same. Continuous curiosity and learning is a great way to stay engaged, motivated and interested in what we do.

How to write a French cover letter (lettre de motivation)

A well-crafted cover letter creates a connection with the recruiter, showing them you’re the right person for the job. But French cultural expectations regarding the document’s format and content differ from those in other countries.

This detailed guide will help you craft an effective French cover letter that respects local conventions while putting your best foot forward. We’ll review the general structure of a cover letter and dive into some practical tips, examples and helpful resources.

• Understanding the role of a cover letter in France
• French cover letter structure and formatting
• How to start your French cover letter
• Writing the body: Highlighting your skills and experience
• How to end a French cover letter
• Common mistakes to avoid in a French cover letter

Understanding the role of a cover letter in France

In France, the recruitment process traditionally involves sending a CV and a cover letter. Both documents are generally requested when you apply for a job, an internship or a scholarship. 

Though the cover letter has been losing some traction over the last few years, it’s still a highly recommended (and sometimes compulsory) supplement to the CV. And it can be a powerful asset to catch a recruiter’s attention. On average, recruiters spend a mere 30 seconds reading your CV. Nailing a compelling cover letter will definitely help you stand out from the crowd. 

Cover letters can be sent in reply to a job posting or as part of a candidature spontanée, i.e., an application to a position despite the absence of an official job posting. 

Before you apply for a position in France, you may want to take a look at how people talk about the job search and work in French. With Lingoda’s online French classes, you can build the language skills and cultural confidence you need to write a convincing cover letter—and succeed in a French-speaking work environment.

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French cover letter structure and formatting

Standard formatting rules

Your cover letter must be as easy to read as possible.

Choose a font such as Arial, Helvetica or Verdana, and set the font size to clearly legible 12. The text should be left-aligned, with 2.5 centimeter margins and a line spacing of 1.15.

Your cover letter should never exceed one page. Half a page can even be enough, if your text is sharp and precise. Start with creating an outline for your cover letter, using the structure below as a template.

Key sections of a French cover letter

Make sure to include the following sections in your cover letter:

1. The header should include your contact details and the recruiter’s information like their name and address.
    
2. For the salutation, use Madame or Monsieur. Rare exceptions to this rule are described below.
   
3. The introduction is your best opportunity to grab the reader’s attention. Make it direct and short to express your purpose and enthusiasm.
   
4. The body typically consists of one or two paragraphs, in which you highlight your skills and experience and discuss how they will be useful for the company or the project.
   
5. The conclusion should include a call to action and polite closing remarks.

Before you begin writing, remember to review the job description or company profile. In fact, it’s crucial that the cover letter reflects the company’s own wording about the open role.

How to start your French cover letter

Madame and Monsieur are the most common salutations used in cover letters. Always confirm the gender of the recruiter — by checking their profile on LinkedIn, for instance. If you’re unsure who you’re addressing, you can use an alternate form containing both: Madame, Monsieur. 

The only situation in which you would call someone by their first name is when you already know them well (e.g., Bonjour Dominique), so refrain from using the recruiter’s first name.

Some candidates also add a subject line in the upper part of their cover letter. For example:Objet : Candidature au poste de responsable marketing chez Lingoda.

Your introduction should grab the reader’s attention. To that end, get creative and avoid simply starting the first sentence with a first-person pronoun (je). Use this space to immediately confirm that you understand the company’s needs, and perhaps mention what compelled you to apply.

It’s also crucial to use the same language (job title, adjectives, industry-specific vocabulary, etc.) as in the job posting and on the company’s website. This demonstrates your attention to detail, but it also helps you understand what the company or the project is about.

Here are two examples of cover letter introductions in French:

Example 1: “Dans votre annonce publiée sur LinkedIn, vous indiquez rechercher un responsable marketing expérimenté. Titulaire d’un diplôme en marketing de l’université de Leeds et fort de cinq années d’expérience à ce poste, je possède les compétences nécessaires pour être opérationnel rapidement.”

Example 2: “Votre entreprise recherche une stagiaire autonome, motivée, et capable de communiquer avec vos clients espagnols ? Je suis la personne qu’il vous faut ! Tout juste diplômée d’un Master en génie civil de l’université de Madrid, je suis disponible au plus tôt.”

Writing the body: Highlighting your skills and experience

Presenting your background

Academic qualifications are highly valued in the French job market, so don’t forget to mention your degree(s) as soon as you can. Then, summarize your practical experience using action verbs and positive adjectives. As in the introduction, reference the company’s website to ensure you use the same vocabulary as the recruiter.

Example:

“Titulaire d’un diplôme en management de l’université de Berlin, je suis spécialisée dans le secteur de la vente à distance. À la fois rigoureuse et équitable, je saurai accompagner efficacement vos équipes.”

Second paragraph: Why you’re a good fit

In the second paragraph, connect your expertise to the job description. Focus on the skills you developed in your previous jobs and how they will prove useful in your next role. Don’t forget to highlight your soft skills, as well.

Again, go through the company’s website (or any other resources you can find online) to identify what the company needs. It could be expert knowledge in a given subject, an ability to work in a multilingual environment, or a talent for negotiation.

Example:

“En tant que chargé d’affaires chez Telecom SA, j’ai acquis de précieuses compétences en gestion financière et renforcé les qualités qui font de moi un professionnel apprécié par ses collaborateurs. De nature sociable, je saurai donc m’intégrer aisément dans votre équipe.”

Call to action

At the end of the body section, reiterate why you’re interested in the position and open the way for an interview. Feel free to use the future tense rather than the conditional tense, as it generally sounds more assertive.

Here are a couple of expressions you can use as a call to action:

“Je serai heureux d’approfondir cette question avec vous lors d’un entretien en présentiel ou à distance.”

“Je me permettrai de reprendre contact avec vous d’ici deux semaines pour échanger sur vos besoins.”

How to end a French cover letter

Some specific sentences are typically used to end professional letters in French.

For example, you can say:

“Dans l’attente de votre retour, je me tiens à votre disposition pour tout complément d’information.”

Another more formal but common option is:

“Je vous prie d’agréer, Madame/Monsieur, l’expression de mes sincères salutations.”

More informal sign-offs include “Cordialement,” or “Sincères salutations,”.

Finally, don’t forget to add your handwritten signature under the closing sentence. Most word processors (including Microsoft Word and Google Docs) include signature features or plug-ins. For security reasons, if you add your signature as an image, be sure to convert your document into a PDF.

Common mistakes to avoid in a French cover letter

• Be careful about how you address the reader. Check their gender and make sure to use it consistently throughout the letter. Also, pay extra attention to the spelling of their name and any other company-specific vocabulary (e.g., company and department name, job titles, etc.).

• Don’t use overly casual or overly formal language. Remember: your message must be clear and easy to read. Of course, the vous pronoun should be used, unless you know the person really well.

• Don’t repeat information from your CV. This is the golden rule for cover letters. CV and cover letters are complementary. So, when you mention your previous work experience, don’t simply describe your past positions. Focus instead on what you learned and how it will be useful for the hiring company.

• Avoid any grammar and spelling errors. Use a spell checker and ask a native French speaker to review your cover letter.

Crafting a standout French cover letter

Writing an effective cover letter in French requires a clear understanding of the local expectations regarding this key document. As a complement to your CV, the cover letter connects your work skills and experience with the hiring company’s needs.

Once you’ve written your cover letter, keep practicing! Review our list of the best resources to learn French to deepen your understanding of the work environment in France.

And why not take an intensive French course to stack the odds in your favor? Lingoda’s native-level teachers are here to help you land your dream job!

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How to write a German cover letter

But writing a great cover letter isn’t only about nailing the content and style; you should also take care to heed the norms of German business culture. 

If you feel a bit overwhelmed by the thought of writing a German cover letter, we’ve got you covered. The following guide contains everything you need to know about formatting, structure and tone. We even sprinkled in some tips that will enhance your chances of landing (and acing) an interview.

• Do you need a cover letter in Germany?
• What to include in a German cover letter
• Common mistakes to avoid in a German cover letter
• How to tailor your cover letter for different industries in Germany
• German recruitment processes explained
• FAQs

Do you need a cover letter in Germany?

There’s no formal rule that every application needs to have a cover letter, but they’re basically mandatory for most jobs in Germany. If you’re on the hunt for a new job, always include a cover letter with your application (unless the job advertisement specifically says otherwise). 

Including a well-crafted cover letter not only shows your potential employer that you’ve taken the trouble to write it, but also that you’ve read the job description closely. Going the extra mile of formulating a well-structured cover letter shows that you care and can give you an edge over other applicants. A poorly written cover letter, of course, could have the opposite effect. 

German cover letter format and structure

Cover letters in Germany have specific requirements that you should follow to show that you know how to play the game. 

Using another structure or format than what is considered standard may not immediately disqualify you, but playing it safe can’t hurt your chances. This is especially important when applying for a job with a more conservative company, where recruiters may regard a missing cover letter as a big cultural no-go.

Standard formatting rules

Some formatting rules for German cover letters are considered standard. These rules generally enhance readability, which certainly helps employers who receive and review many applications every day.

Length: With some exceptions, your German cover letter shouldn’t be longer than one page. Any extra information you provide beyond one page should be absolutely essential. The letter should be a good read, but keep it concise and specifically relevant to the role in question.

Font : Choose a standard, easy-to-read font like Arial or Times New Roman. To maintain consistency, use the same font for your cover letter and CV.

Font size: Use a font size of either 11 or 12.

Paragraphs: Structure your cover letter into three to five paragraphs, using full sentences. Avoid bullet points.

Language: Your cover letter should generally match the language of the job advertisement. If the role requires German proficiency or is in a German-speaking environment, your cover letter should also be written in German.

File format: Save your cover letter as a PDF before submitting your application. A clear file name helps employers find it easily. We recommend the following version, but any title with a clear format will work:

FirstName_Surname_Cover_Letter.pdf

ATS-friendliness: An ATS-friendly resume is designed to be easily processed by Applicant Tracking Systems. This means it follows a format that allows the software to accurately scan and extract key details, including your name, contact information and work experience.

Essential sections of a German cover letter

Most people have difficulty writing about themselves. Considering that your German cover letter should ideally be about the length of a full page, the task of writing it can seem intimidating at first. 

The good news is that there are some essential sections you should almost always include in your cover letter. These sections provide some helpful guidance as far as structure. What seemed like one big task at first is now divided into smaller sections. 

The most important sections of a German cover letter include: 

1. Header: Include your contact details and the employer’s information.
2. Subject line: Include the job title and reference number (if applicable).
3. Salutation: Choose a formal greeting in German.
4. Introduction: Here’s your chance to hook the recruiter with your first paragraph.
5. Main body: Highlight your qualifications and skills.
6. Closing paragraph: There are certain phrasings that help you end your cover letter professionally. For more tips, see our guide on how to write a letter in German.
7. Signature: Choose one of the traditional German sign-off phrases, such as Mit freundlichen Grüßen (Sincerely yours) or Ich freue mich auf Ihre Antwort (I look forward to your reply).

What to include in a German cover letter

Let’s now focus on the specifics of your cover letter.

How to introduce yourself effectively

Your introduction should catch the reader’s interest. At the same time, you shouldn’t hold back on the important information. Recruiters often read several cover letters a day, therefore it’s critical to state who you are, why you’re interested in the position and what qualifies you for it. 

Example: “Mit fünf Jahren Erfahrung im digitalen Marketing und einer Leidenschaft für Kampagnenstrategie hat mich die Stellenausschreibung als Marketing Manager bei XYZ sofort angesprochen. Besonders meine Kenntnisse in SEO und Content-Marketing würde ich gerne einbringen, um zum Erfolg Ihres Teams beizutragen.”

How to demonstrate relevant skills and experience 

It’s great if you have a lot of experience to show, but you should generally only highlight the skills and work experience that are directly relevant for the job in question. 

In a separate document, first list all of your professional experiences. Then, pick the ones that stand out the most. It’s also great to include projects that challenged you to use special skills. 

Example: In meiner aktuellen Position konnte ich erfolgreich eine Content-Strategie entwickeln, die die Engagement-Rate um 30 % steigerte. Besonders wertvoll war dabei meine Fähigkeit, datenbasierte Entscheidungen zu treffen und kreative Kampagnen zielgerichtet umzusetzen. Zudem habe ich ein bereichsübergreifendes Projekt geleitet, bei dem ich meine Fähigkeiten im Projektmanagement und in der Teamkoordination weiter ausbauen konnte.

Soft skills German recruiters value

It is hard to generalize about specific traits or soft skills that are valued by German recruiters. Mostly, it depends on the job and the company you want to work for. However, traits like reliability and a collaborative mindset are always important. 

Try to showcase those qualities subtly when describing a special project or past position. 

Example: Während eines bereichsübergreifenden Projekts in meiner vorherigen Position war es besonders wichtig, strukturiert zu planen und klar zu kommunizieren – eine Erfahrung, die meine Teamfähigkeit und Eigenverantwortung weiter gestärkt hat.

How to mention your language proficiency

Depending on the job you’re applying for, you might have to prove your language skills. Some employers require a language proficiency test or a language certificate that states your level of German. 

If you’re learning German with Lingoda, you’ll receive a certificate for your specific CEFR level. Lingoda offers courses for German A1 (beginner) to German C1 (advanced).

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The best way to explain why you want to work in Germany

Well, there are a lot of reasons why you’d want to work in Germany. Maybe you’d like to move to Germany permanently because of friends or family, or maybe you really want to explore more of the country and travel. 

Whatever the reason, make sure to explain your motivation for applying. Show that you’re genuinely interested in the tasks that lie ahead of you and that you’re familiar with the company culture. 

Example: Deutschland hat mich schon immer fasziniert – sowohl kulturell als auch beruflich. Bereits seit der Sekundarstufe lerne ich Deutsch. Besonders die Innovationskraft und die strukturierte Arbeitsweise deutscher Unternehmen sprechen mich an.

Common mistakes to avoid in a German cover letter

When writing a cover letter, it can be helpful to put yourself in the position of the recruiter. There are some common mistakes that are viewed as warning signals. Doing your best to avoid them makes a positive impression and can give you a leg up in the recruitment process.

1. Overly generic phrasing

Don’t use overly generic phrasing or templates without putting your own spin on them. If a recruiter gets the idea that you basically just copied and pasted something you found online, they’ll probably think you didn’t make an effort. Individualized cover letters are a sign that you care. 

2. Using the wrong tone 

There’s also the obstacle of language use, which can prove tricky for non-native speakers. Do a bit of research on the tone the company uses on their website to ensure that you’re in line with their values and expectations. In most cases, an overuse of English phrases in a German cover letter is also frowned upon, as it makes the applicant seem unprofessional. 

3. Spelling and grammar errors

Last but not least, it’s important to check your cover letter for spelling and grammar errors. It’s a good idea to let another person proofread it. Immaculate spelling and grammar show that you took your time and care about the position. 

How to tailor your cover letter for different industries in Germany

Job applications for different industries may require you to highlight different aspects of your skills and personality in your cover letter. 

Tech and IT

There are many job opportunities in the tech and IT sectors in Germany. Many of these positions require advanced English skills, so check if the job advertisement requests a cover letter in English or in German. In some cases, a cover letter is not needed at all and a CV might suffice. 

Recruiters for tech and IT companies are often looking for specific experiences and a certain skill set, so make sure to mention the software solutions you’re familiar with. 

Problem-solving skills are also an important part of these jobs. Try to match the tone on the company’s website. There can be huge differences between startups and more traditional, established companies. 

Engineering

Qualified engineers are in high demand in the German job market. These industries place high value on a familiarity with industry standards and regulations. If you have specific certifications, make sure to mention them in your cover letter.

Another essential aspect of these jobs is problem-solving. Show your expertise and why it matters for the company. If you have the experience, you can show how you used these skills in other projects. The tone of your letter should demonstrate that you’re a professional. Keep it short and informative.

Finance  and consulting

In-demand skills for finance and consulting jobs include analytical skills, strategic thinking and experience with the most important financial tools. Your tone should be formal and precise. Attention to detail is key for these positions, so proofreading your cover letter for possible mistakes is a must. 

Healthcare

Depending on what kind of healthcare job you’re applying for, it might be necessary to show off your people skills. Someone who works in scientific research should demonstrate precision and an analytical mind in their cover letter, while someone working in patient care could go for a more approachable tone. 

Both fields require specific certifications, which should be highlighted in your cover letter. 

Creative and marketing

When writing a cover letter for the creative and/or marketing industry, try to strike a more personal tone. Recruiters in this industry are often looking for people with an engaging personality. This doesn’t mean that you have to appear super-extroverted and energetic, but you could try to show in your letter that you can tell a good story. 

As you may be at least partially in charge of a brand’s image, it’s important to match the brand’s established tone of voice. Research as much as you can about company values and goals. 

German recruitment processes explained

Depending on where you’ve worked before, the German recruitment process might strike you as very formal. The application process in most companies follows a specific structure. 

The whole process starts with handing or sending in your application. When you’re selected as one of the possible candidates, you’ll get an invitation to a job interview, which often takes place in person. Depending on the organization, several interviews might take place, followed by a case study or a trial day. At the end of a successful process, you will receive a contract offer. The salary is often not stated in the job advertisement but will be discussed during the application process, typically in later stages or even at the very end, when the contract is offered.

Not every employer strictly follows this process. Startups are known to be less strict about it, but it always depends on the individual company’s policy. In any case, your cover letter will be the first thing any potential employer sees. How you present yourself and your skills matters. 

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How to end a German cover letter?

The best way to end a German cover letter is to use the formal phrase Mit freundlichen Grüßen (Kind regards), followed by your name and signature.

Is a cover letter mandatory in Germany?

A cover letter is not always mandatory when applying for jobs in Germany, but most employers like to see it. Some job advertisements explicitly state that no cover letter is required. 

How long should a German cover letter be?

Your cover letter shouldn’t exceed one page. Try to make sure that all the important information about your skills and experiences is listed and matches the brand voice of the company you’re applying for. 

Are cover letters common in Germany?

Yes, cover letters are very common in German job applications. Most employers like to see a cover letter to get a better understanding of an applicant’s personality and skill set. 

Writing a cover letter in the German language: Match the tone and show your skills

When writing a German cover letter, most employers expect you to follow specific standards in formatting and structure. While some younger companies and startups may not be so strict, it can impact your application’s success at more conservative companies. 

Regardless of the specific job you apply for, take care to find the right tone. Researching the company’s brand voice can help you decide if a more personal approach or a more sober, professional tone will bring you closer to your goals. 

A German course at Lingoda is not only a great way to enhance your language skills — it’s also a sign for potential employers that you’re actively working on improving your German. As you can book Lingoda courses flexibly, it’s easy to fit learning German into your busy schedule. Our native-level teachers can help you become familiar with business-relevant vocabulary and make sure that you’ll develop the necessary confidence to master everyday conversations with colleagues. 

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The 10 hardest words in Spanish (and why they’re so tricky!)

When you’re just starting out with Spanish, there might be certain words that are more difficult to pronounce than others –even just looking at them can feel overwhelming! Don’t get discouraged. Learning an entirely new language means getting used to new sounds, letter combinations, spelling rules and, sometimes, even a whole new alphabet. Nevertheless, getting your pronunciation right is key for clear communication, so it’s worth putting in the effort. 

Below, you’ll find 10 of the hardest words to pronounce in Spanish, along with some tips on how to nail those tricky sounds.

Why learn these words?

Learning some (or even 10!) of the hardest words to pronounce in Spanish early on can help turbo-charge your journey. It’ll help you improve your pronunciation, vocabulary and spelling. 

You might not use these words next time you make small talk in Spanish or when you’re learning some Spanish phrases for beginners, but they’re still good practice for getting simpler vocabulary right. Plus, as you advance, you’ll start using them in conversation –and you’ll be comfortable with them already!

If you need a structured way to practice and really boost your speaking skills, Lingoda’s interactive lessons with expert teachers can help you confidently master these essentials.

1. Otorrinolaringología (Otolaryngology)

We’re starting with a banger: otorrinolaringología (otolaryngology). This is the medical field that deals with all things nose, throat and ears.

This word can be hard to pronounce because of its length –it’s composed of 10 syllables (o-to-rri-no-la-rin-go-lo-gí-a), making it one of the longest words in Spanish. Additionally, it has many consonants and that dreaded ‘rr’.

Here are some tips to tackle it:

• Practice the ‘o’ sound (‘oh’ like in ‘go’).
• Start by separating the syllables and moving slowly. As you progress, start gluing it together.
• Practice the easiest way to roll your ‘rr’ –this sound is made by placing the tip of your tongue behind your upper teeth and letting it vibrate (it’s the same spot as when you say a ‘t’).
• Remember that in Spanish, when the ‘g’ is followed by an ‘i’, it sounds like an ‘h’ in English.
• Vocal stress falls on the final ‘í’. Notice the accent mark separating the ‘í-a’ into two syllables: /oh-toh-rri-no-la-rin-goh-loh-HE-ah/.

2. Ferrocarril (Railroad)

This word can mean either railroad or train. It’s particularly difficult because it features two ‘rr’s  and different vowels.

Here are some pointers:

• Practice first your vowels –‘eh’, oh’, eeh’.
• Now, focus on the two ‘rr’ syllables: ‘rro’ and ‘rril’.
• Vocal accent goes on the final vowel: /feh-rro-ca-RRIL/. 
• If you want to take it to the next level, learn this tongue-twister: Rápido corren los carros por los rieles del ferrocarril (the cars run fast on the train’s railroad).

We must say that this word has been largely replaced by tren. Learn how different Spanish-speaking countries pronounce ferrocaril in this video.

3. Ahorro (Savings)

Ahorro is another one with a ‘rr’ –are we seeing a pattern here? It also features an ‘h’, which is pronounced differently than in English.

Let’s dive into it:

• In Spanish, the letter ‘h’ is silent –except when it’s part of a ‘ch’, where it sounds like the ‘ch’ in ‘chocolate’. So when you say this word, or any other where an ‘h’ is paired with a vowel, just ignore that ‘h’: /ah-OH-rro/.
  

4. Guajolote (Turkey)

This word originates from the Indigenous Náhuatl language, and it can be tricky to pronounce because of its vowels and usage of ‘g’ and ‘j’, which can throw some English speakers off.

How can we learn it?

• Let’s focus first on the ‘gua’ sound –the ‘g’ here is a hard, guttural sound, like the ‘g’ in ‘good’. The combination with ‘ua’ sounds just like in ‘Guatemala’.
• The ‘j’ makes a soft, guttural sound, similar to the ‘h’ in English (like in ‘hot’).
• That ‘te’ at the end is short –like ‘teh’.
• Separate it into syllables /gua-jo-LO-te/ to practice.

Guajolote is often replaced by pavo, so we might not find this word in casual conversations. However, it might still pop up on traditional restaurant menus in Mexico.

5. Popocatépetl (Mexican Volcano)

The Popo is a volcano in Mexico near Mexico City. This word also comes from Náhuatl and it means “smoking mountain” –and, yes, it’s difficult to pronounce even for some locals (especially children)!

• Start by separating the word into syllables: /po-po-ca-TÉ-petl/.
• Focus now on the ‘petl’ syllable, particularly the ‘tl’ sound (pronounce the ‘t’ and then snap your tongue to make the ‘l’).
• Place vocal emphasis on the ‘té’ syllable (notice the written accent mark again–here is a review of Spanish accent marks and rules).
  

6. Alrededor (Around)

The combination of an ‘l’ and ‘r’ can make this word hard to pronounce, along with all those vowels and ‘d’ sounds.

• The ‘r’ here, since it’s preceded by an ‘l’, sounds just like the rolled ‘rr’.
• The ‘d’ has a soft sound, similar to how ‘th’ is pronounced in the English word ‘the’.
• Break the word into syllables /al-re-de-DOR/ and focus on practicing the vowel sounds.

7. Ejército (Army)

This word can be confusing to non-native speakers due to the ‘ci’ syllable. Let’s break it down:

• The ‘c’ here is combined with an ‘i’, so it sounds like sí. Remember that the ‘j’ is similar to the ‘h’ sound in English.
• The final ‘to’ is a short sound like ‘oh’: /eh-HEHR-si-toh.

8. Ciudad (City)

If you’re just starting to learn Spanish, you might get ciudad mixed up with cuidado (care) because of their similar spelling. However, once we get the rules down, it’ll be easier to tell them apart:

• As we mentioned above, when a ‘c’ is paired with an ‘i’, it sounds like an ‘s’. But if it’s followed by a ‘u’ (like in cuidado), it sounds like a ‘k’: /syu-DAHD/

Now, that ‘d’ at the end of ciudad can be difficult for English speakers. It’s pronounced like a ‘th’ sound that stops abruptly. Check out this video and listen to a native speaker pronouncing ciudad.

9. Estadounidense (American)

Phew, at six syllables, this is a long one: es-ta-dou-ni-den-se. And all those vowel sounds! Just looking at it can be confusing.

Here are some key points to take this one on:

• Start by practicing each syllable. Focus first on the vowel sounds (‘eh’, ‘aah’, ‘ou’, ‘eeh’…).
• Practice the ‘ou’ sound in the ‘dou’ syllable –first separate it into ‘oh’ and ‘ooh’ (for the ‘u’) and then put it back together.
• Incorporate the consonants into each syllable.
• Vocal stress is on the second-to-last syllable.
• Slowly start gluing it back together: /es-tah-do-ooh-ni-DEN-seh/

10. Esbirro (Henchman)

This isn’t a common word that you’ll find in daily conversations, but you might come across it in literature. What can make this word difficult is the ‘sb’ consonant cluster, which may feel unnatural to some students… and, of course, there’s that rolled ‘rr’, but, by now, you’ve probably got it down.

• To learn the ‘sb’ sound, first separate the syllables –es-bi-rro.
• Focus on the natural transition your mouth makes when going from ‘es’ to ‘bi’.
• Prolong the ‘s’ sound that goes before ‘bi’ –ssss-bi… This will help you get used to the ‘sb’ combination.
• Once you’ve got a hang of it, glue the word back together and read it normally: /es-BEE-roh/

Why are these Spanish words so hard?

Some Spanish words are particularly hard to pronounce because of:

• Jargon: Medical terms like otorrinolaringología are especially tough to memorize because they’re not commonly used or are found only in specific, technical contexts.
• Difficult consonant clusters: Words like alrededor and ejército have consonant clusters that can be difficult to master.
• Unfamiliar sounds: Sounds like the infamous rolled ‘r’s can be challenging to non-native speakers.
• Indigenous language influence: The influence of indigenous languages, like in guajolote and Popocatépetl, can add other unfamiliar sounds and uncommon letter combinations or placements (like that –etl at the end of Popocatépetl). These can be difficult even for native Spanish speakers.

Making the hard things easy

Pronouncing words correctly is crucial for effective communication. But let’s face it, it’s not so easy to learn sounds that aren’t part of our native language –for example, English speakers might struggle with rolling their ‘r’s compared to, say, Italians.

We hope that this list of 10 of the hardest words to pronounce in Spanish helps you practice all those sounds and letter combinations you might need help with… And if you’re looking to level up your Spanish some more, join us at Lingoda! Our native-level teachers will help you speak Spanish from day one and give you all the tips and tricks to nail your pronunciation.

Lost in Translation: The Hidden Flaws of AI in Bridging Cultures

While these tools excel at interpreting words, how proficient are they at understanding nuances, idioms, humor, and context? 

As we rely more and more on AI for translation, we must ask: what gets lost in translation, and, most importantly, why does it matter? Let’s explore the strengths, limitations, and hidden pitfalls of AI-driven language translation.

• How AI translates: The basics
• The cultural blind spots of AI translation
• Case studies: When AI gets it wrong
• Can AI ever learn culture?

How AI translates: The basics

AI is a field focused on developing computers that can learn and think like humans while processing data at a scale that exceeds human capacity. These technologies rely on machine learning and deep learning to generate complex content. This AI-generated content includes data analytics and predictions which can be extremely valuable in business. 

For language translations, AI uses algorithms via neural networks – a type of program designed to mimic how human neurons work to make decisions. Neural networks analyze vast amounts of data in different languages, identifying patterns and relationships between sentences and words faster than humans can.

Some benefits of AI-powered translation include:

• Speed: AI can process large quantities of data in an instant, even in real time.
• Range: It can translate hundreds of languages, something the smartest human polyglot cannot do.
• Cost–effectiveness: One tool can translate increasing amounts of content without the need for continued investment.
• Continuous learning: These systems have a built-in feedback loop. They improve and adapt the more we use them.

The cultural blind spots of AI translation

Does AI currently have specific blind spots for translation tools on the market? While the benefits of AI translation can be attractive, we must also consider some of its drawbacks:

• Accuracy: It can miss cultural backdrop, emotionality and intended meaning, especially if the original text uses idioms, metaphors or complex language. For example, it might translate a phrase like ‘let the cat out of the bag’ literally. The phrase may work in German (die Katze aus dem Sack lassen), but not in French. How many other translations would come out sounding odd–or potentially offensive–if translated literally?
• Bias: Since AI translation relies on human-generated training data, it may pull from our own biases. This can lead to translations that favor or misrepresent certain groups. For instance, research has shown that AI interprets terms like ‘anxious’ as a primarily feminine trait. Or it defaults to language that depicts doctors as men, while nurses are women. This mirrors human gender bias, rather than producing neutral language. For that matter, almost all language translation tools default to male pronouns when referring to people.
• Humor: AI-powered translation tools may not catch humor or sarcasm tied to the cultural context of the original language.
• Formality: Different cultures have varying norms of formality and politeness, which AI might fail to capture. This can be particularly damaging in certain fields – like politics – where maintaining formality is crucial.

Additional ethical concerns include:

• Climate change: Training and using AI models require a significant amount of electricity, contributing to harmful CO2 emissions.
• Privacy: AI requires large volumes of data to function, raising privacy and cybersecurity concerns such as the latent use of data fed to AI models for data mining or other surveillance.

Case studies: When AI gets it wrong

To illustrate some of the cultural context that AI translation often misses, let’s look at a few real-world case studies:

• In literature: In 2024, Dutch publishers Veen Bosch & Keuning announced plans to use AI to translate literature into English, sparking concerns regarding potential insensitive or inaccurate translations that could hamper the hard work of many authors.
• In daily life: In late 2024, Meta introduced real-time AI translation as a new feature for their Ray-Ban smart glasses. With this, users can have conversations with Spanish, Italian or French speakers. During a demo, a reviewer having an AI-translated conversation with a Spanish speaker noticed that the technology struggled with slang, translating no manches (no way!) literally as ’no stain’.
• In government: In 2019, an Afro-Indigenous Brazilian-born man profiled in the news using the pseudonym Carlos fled Brazil due to gang violence. He arrived in the USA, where he was detained at a Customs Enforcement center. The staff spoke only English and Spanish, while Carlos spoke Portuguese, which he could neither read nor write. The staff used an AI-powered voice translator that couldn’t understand Carlos’ regional accent. Multiple errors in AI-powered communication caused his detainment and asylum application to stretch on for over 6 months.

Can AI ever learn culture?

Efforts at training AI on cultural aspects are being made, but for all of us to manage our expectations of those outcomes, transparency needs to be at the forefront when discussing the limitations of AI.

To improve AI translation tools, we can prioritize feeding this technology cultural contexts and ensure training data reflects diverse perspectives. Over time, this should generate translations that are less biased and respectful of the original content. AI-human collaboration can involve translators, industry experts and cultural advisors in the process. As Michele Hutchison, a Booker Prize-winning translator, emphasized:​ “A translator translates more than just words; we build bridges between cultures, taking into account the target readership every step of the way.”​

In short, while AI can be a valuable tool for reducing costs and speeding up work, it can’t fully replace human intelligence in translation services today.

AI and human synergy 

The future isn’t just automation—it’s collaboration. AI has become useful for cutting costs and accelerating processes. But when it comes to translation services, we must consider shortcomings like the lack of cultural context, misrepresentation of certain groups and inaccuracy in conveying intent. For ethical progress, we are required to develop the cost-effectiveness of AI-powered tools while addressing concerns about recorded bias and ensuring that true meaning is preserved in our language translations.

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Understanding the rich diversity of Italian dialects

From Milan’s crisp, fast-paced speech to the melodic, expressive tones of Naples, Italian dialects are as diverse as the landscapes they come from. More than just regional accents, these dialects are languages all their own, each bearing a distinctive grammar, vocabulary and history. 

In this article, we’ll explore how these many dialects evolved, where they’re spoken, and how they continue to shape Italian culture today. Get ready for a fascinating journey through the country’s many ways of speaking!

• Introduction to Italian dialects
• Geographical distribution of Italian dialects
• Linguistic features across dialects
• The role of dialects in modern Italy
• Should I learn Italian dialects?
• Domande frequenti

Introduction to Italian dialects

Definition and distinction from Standard Italian 

When people think of Italian, they usually picture the elegant, melodic language of Dante and classical opera. But step outside the classroom — or, better yet, into an Italian grandmother’s kitchen — and you’ll hear something quite different. That’s because Italy isn’t home to just one Italian language, but rather a whole family of dialects that often sound like distant cousins rather than siblings. 

Standard Italian, based on the Tuscan dialect, came about as a political compromise and didn’t naturally “win out” over other variations. It’s the polished, official version of the language, while dialects are its wilder, more authentic expressions, spoken in homes, markets and lively town squares across the country.

Historical evolution

Italian dialects didn’t just pop up randomly like mushrooms after a rainstorm. They evolved from Vulgar Latin, which was itself influenced by local languages (and, later on, by waves of foreign invaders). 

Over the centuries, Greek, Arabic, French, Spanish and even Germanic languages loaned portions of their vocabulary and syntax to Italy’s already diverse linguistic variety. That’s why Sicilian dialect has traces of Arabic, Neapolitan has Spanish influences, and Venetian has features that might remind you of Austrian German. 

Standard Italian, meanwhile, was a relatively late arrival, officially chosen in the 19th century to unify a country where people from different regions could barely understand each other. 

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Geographical distribution of Italian dialects

Northern Italy

The dialects of Northern Italy belong to the Gallo-Italic family (hinting at the region’s historical connection to Gaul, i.e., ancient France). 

• Piedmontese, Lombard, and Ligurian are part of this group. They tend to drop vowels, making them sound shorter and clipped compared to the flowing rhythm of southern speech. 
• Venetian developed alongside a strong maritime tradition, thus picking up Greek and Turkish words from the days when Venice was a Mediterranean powerhouse. 

Central Italy

Tuscany sits at the heart of Italy, both geographically and linguistically. Writers like Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio used the Tuscan dialect for their literary masterpieces, long before it became the language of train announcements. 

Even within Tuscany, you’ll find variations. Florentines, for example, are famous for their habit of aspirating “c” sounds, turning casa (house) into something phonetically akin to haza. 

Then we have Umbria and the Marche, where the dialects blend elements of northern and southern speech. Umbrian has a soft, musical quality, while Marchigiano varies dramatically depending on whether you’re closer to Tuscany, Rome or the Adriatic coast. 

Southern Italy and the islands 

Now we enter the land of passionate gestures and even more passionate vowels. 

• Neapolitan isn’t just a dialect — it’s practically a performance. Known for its rapid speech, vowel shifts and poetic expressions, it has influenced music, theater and even Italian slang.
• Sicilian absorbed Arabic, Greek and Norman influences, giving it a vocabulary and structure that can feel more Pan-Mediterranean than Italian. 
• Sardinian, finally, is a distinctive Romance language with archaic Latin features. Linguists don’t consider it a dialect, but rather a language of its own.

Linguistic features across dialects

Phonological variations 

Italian dialects don’t just sound different — they play by different phonetic rules. Up north, vowels tend to be shorter and crisper, with Lombard and Piedmontese speakers sometimes dropping the final vowel altogether. In Tuscany, the famous gorgia toscana turns hard “c” and “g” sounds into airy “h” sounds. Down south, Neapolitans extend their vowels dramatically and Sicilians often replace “d” with “r,” so dove (where) becomes rovere.

Grammatical distinctions 

Aside from sounding different, Italian dialects also bend the rules of grammar in various ways.

• Northern dialects, influenced by French and Occitan, often simplify verb conjugations and drop pronouns.
• Sicilian sometimes flips word order dramatically, resulting in sentences that more closely resemble Latin than modern Italian. For example, the Italian expression “Non so cosa sta dicendo” (“I don’t know what she’s saying”) becomes “Chi dici, nun sacciu” (“What you say, I don’t know”) in Sicilian.
• Sardinian still uses some old Latin constructions that vanished from the mainland centuries ago.

Vocabulary differences 

If you ever travel through Italy, be prepared to encounter words that make no sense outside their home region:

• bambino (“kid” in Standard Italian)
  • guaglione (Naples)
  • picciotto/carusu (Sicily)
  • bagai (Lombardy)
• ciao (“hello” in Standard Italian)
  • saluti (Sicilian)
• sedia (“chair” in Standard Italian)
  • cadrega (Milan)
  • istella (Sardinian)
• Andiamo! (“Let’s go!” in Standard Italian)
  • Jamm’! (Naples)
  • Ni virimu! (Sicilian)
  • Ndemo! (Venetian)

And then there’s the delightful world of food vocabulary, where ordering the same dish in different regions might get you something entirely unexpected. Italian vocabulary gets broader and more colorful as you dive into each region!

The role of dialects in modern Italy

Dialects in contemporary communication 

Despite Italy’s official embrace of Standard Italian, dialects are far from dead. In daily life, many Italians switch effortlessly between Standard Italian and their local dialect, depending on the setting. At work or on TV, they’ll use polished Italian, but at home or in their neighborhood bar, Italians switch to dialect. Social media and memes have also given dialects a new platform, with regional slang and expressions going viral. 

Even in pop culture, dialects are thriving. Neapolitan dominates the music scene thanks to modern rap and artists like Pino Daniele, while dialect-heavy comedies and regional TV shows keep local speech alive and well.

Preservation efforts 

With globalization and increased mobility, many worry that Italy’s dialects are fading. But fear not — linguists, cultural institutions and passionate locals are fighting back. 

Schools in some regions have introduced optional courses on local dialects, and municipalities are funding projects to document and preserve traditional speech. Museums and cultural festivals celebrate dialect poetry, music and theater, ensuring that younger generations stay connected to their linguistic roots. Even digital initiatives, like online dictionaries and learning apps, are helping to keep these dialects alive. 

While dialects might not be as dominant as they once were, Italians are making sure they remain more than just charming curiosities from the past.

Should I learn Italian dialects?

You don’t necessarily need to learn any dialects to travel across Italy; Standard Italian is enough to navigate the country without trouble. However, understanding dialects can enrich your experience, helping you connect more deeply with locals and appreciate Italy’s cultural diversity. Even just recognizing dialectal variations can make conversations more engaging and fun. 

With Lingoda’s native-level teachers, students of Italian can get exposure to some regional nuances, making their learning experience more authentic and dynamic. Whether you want to master the Tuscan elegance or pick up some Neapolitan flair, lessons tailored to real-world usage bring you closer to the heart of Italian language and culture.

How many dialects of Italian are there?

Italy has hundreds of dialects, but they are generally grouped into about ten major linguistic families.

Which Italian dialect is closest to Standard Italian?

The Tuscan dialect, especially the Florentine variety, is the closest to Standard Italian. In fact, Standard Italian is largely based on this dialect.

Discover the linguistic mosaic of Italy

Italy’s dialects are more than just variations on Standard Italian — they’re unique linguistic systems shaped by history, geography and culture. From the Gallo-Italic dialects of the north to the vibrant speech of the south and islands, each region has its distinct way of speaking. Phonetics, grammar and vocabulary vary widely, making dialects an essential part of Italy’s identity. While Standard Italian dominates formal communication, dialects still thrive in daily conversations, media and local traditions.

If you want to learn real-life Italian and gain confidence in speaking, Lingoda is the perfect tool. With native-level teachers and lessons focused on practical use, you’ll start speaking from Day One and even pick up some regional nuances along the way. Buona fortuna on your journey to mastering Italian!

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Clothes in German: Essential vocabulary for daily use

Whether you’re trying to keep up with the ever-changing German weather or visiting a Berlin Flohmarkt (flea market), it’s essential to know the names for clothing in German. 

So, let’s suit up and learn the most important nouns, verbs and adjectives related to clothes in German. We’ll even show you how to give a good compliment!

• What’s the German word for clothing?
• Essential clothing vocabulary in German
• Key verbs for talking about clothing in German
• How to describe clothing in German
• Useful phrases for clothes shopping in German

What’s the German word for clothing?

There are several words to describe clothing in German. While they all technically mean the same thing, they’re used differently depending on the context. Additionally, there are regional variations on these words. 

‘Kleidung’ vs. ‘Kleider’ vs. ‘Klamotten’ – What’s the difference?

Kleidung, Kleider and Klamotten are all words that describe “clothes” or “clothing” in German. Wherever you’re staying, people will understand what you mean if you use any of the three. However, there are differences you should be aware of. 

Kleidung is the most common word for “clothing.” It’s safe to use in formal and casual settings. Although Kleidung generally describes a group or collection of items, this feminine noun is used in the singular form: Die Kleidung. 

Kleider is a rather old-fashioned word for “clothes” that’s rarely used in that sense today. Instead, it has evolved to specifically describe “dresses.” Die Kleider is the plural form of a neuter noun (das Kleid) and thus describes more than one dress. 

A more informal word for clothes is die Klamotten. It’s not exactly rude to use this word, but it typically refers to casual (and maybe a bit messy) clothes — so it’s best to avoid it in work settings or other formal occasions. If you do use it, note that it is always used in the plural form.

Variations of ‘clothing’ in German 

There are also some regional differences in how people describe clothing. For example, Gwand is a common word in Bavarian dialect and is used similarly to Kleidung. 

Language and slang also vary between different age groups. If you’re talking to older German speakers, for instance, they might still prefer to use the word Kleider instead of Kleidung. 

If you’re looking at online stores, Bekleidung is also typically used as a variation of Kleidung. However, in everyday conversations, Bekleidung wouldn’t sound natural. 

Understanding these differences is important if you want to sound like a native speaker. That’s why German courses at Lingoda are only taught by native-level teachers who are familiar with the culture and different German dialects. 

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Essential clothing vocabulary in German

Let’s get dressed! These are the most important words for clothing items in German, from jackets and coats to traditional German clothes like Lederhosen.  

Key verbs for talking about clothing in German

If you want to talk about clothes in German, simply knowing the names of the items won’t cut it. There are many verbs associated with clothing, which can help you communicate whether you want to “wear” or “buy” or “shop” for something, and so on.

The verb ‘to wear’ in German

The verb “to wear” has two different German translations. You can use tragen when you’re talking about wearing a piece of clothing, or anhaben, which means “having something on.”

So, if you want to say, “I am wearing a dress,” you have two options in German:

• Ich trage ein Kleid. 
• Ich habe ein Kleid an. (Note: anhaben is a separable verb, so the prefix an- moves to the end of the sentence in this case.)

Watch out for the verb tragen, which can also mean “to carry” depending on the context.

Ich trage ein Kleid can therefore either mean that you’re wearing or carrying a dress. Although it’s most likely the former, it’s best to look out for other signals in the story to make sure. 

Shopping-related verbs 

Here are some basic German words that will help you navigate your next trip to the Flohmarkt or Bekleidungsgeschäft (clothing store). 

How to describe clothing in German

How would you describe your style? This is hard enough in English! But here are some useful German adjectives and phrases for talking about your wardrobe and describing a person. 

Common adjectives for clothing

Talking about your wardrobe 

Giving compliments on outfits

Everyone loves a good compliment. But in Germany, doling out compliments may not be appropriate on every occasion. While telling your friend that you love their new dress will probably make them happy, the atmosphere in German workplaces can be more reserved. 

With that in mind, the following phrases will help you to compliment on great outfits.

Useful phrases for clothes shopping in German

As bodies come in different shapes and sizes, shopping for clothes hardly ever stops at trying something on and buying it instantly. Here’s some useful vocabulary that will make it easier for you to find the right fit. 

Practical tips for learning clothing vocabulary in German

When it comes to learning clothing vocabulary in German, flashcards are your best friend. However, it doesn’t hurt to get more creative. Exercises that require you to get active make it easier to remember the small stuff. For instance, you might want to label your clothes at home or role-play shopping conversations in German with friends. It can also help to immerse yourself in shopping-related TV shows or magazines. 

At Lingoda, we know that learning a new language is easier when you use it regularly. That’s why our German courses have a strong focus on speaking. Our native-level teachers make sure that you’ll be able to develop the confidence you need in class to use your knowledge in the wild. Furthermore, Lingoda is perfect for everyone with a busy schedule, as classes are available 24/7. Learn German flexibly and make sure to reach your language goals more efficiently!

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From Extinction to Revival: How AI Is Helping to Save Endangered Languages

Of the thousands of languages spoken in the world today, UNESCO estimates that around 43% are endangered. AI is stepping up to bring them back from the brink. It can be used to create a digital archive of endangered languages, leveraging tools like speech-to-text and its ability to process enormous amounts of data. However, ethical concerns around their preservation exist. So, how exactly is AI helping to save endangered languages? 

• The urgent need to preserve endangered languages 
• The role of AI in language preservation
• Key AI technologies driving language revitalization

The urgent need to preserve endangered languages 

UNESCO classifies the degree of endangerment of languages on a scale of “safe” to “extinct”. In between are “vulnerable”, “definitely endangered”, “severely endangered” and “critically endangered”. 

Why are so many languages in danger of disappearing, and what happens when they do? According to the Harvard International Review, external pressures play a key role. Dominant languages like English, Spanish and Mandarin Chinese marginalize Indigenous languages. This is because people often see proficiency in these dominant languages as the gateway to better jobs or education. Urbanization and industrialization accelerate this trend, along with media, which publishers often distribute in major world languages.

Government policies can also have an impact. An example is the Canadian government’s forced removal of Indigenous children from their families to attend residential schools between 1831 and 1996. It meant parents couldn’t speak their language to their children. When languages disappear, communities lose unique cultural identities, traditional knowledge, and worldviews embedded in them. In return, people lose connection to their culture and history, which can result in them losing their identity and sense of self. 

The role of AI in language preservation 

While globalization and technology have often been blamed for the loss of languages in the past, AI has now become a possible preservation tool. Text-to-speech tools can convert spoken language into written text, helping to preserve oral languages without the need for manual transcription. Automated translations can make lesser-spoken languages more accessible, and AI-driven data collection is much faster than manual language documentation. 

AI has already achieved success. New Zealand’s Te Hiku Media created an automatic speech recognition tool that can transcribe speech-to-text with 92% accuracy for Te Reo Māori. Similarly, the app Tarjimly, billed as an “Uber for Translators”, records real conversations between translators and refugees for AI training. 

Key AI technologies driving language revitalization

Speech recognition & voice cloning

AI has become instrumental in identifying, transcribing, and synthesizing speech in rare and endangered languages. Projects like Mozilla’s Common Voice collect diverse speech samples to enhance AI models’ understanding of these languages. Mozilla launched Common Voice in 2017 as an open-source initiative. Contributors have recorded thousands of hours of speech in 133 languages, helping Common Voice create one of the most extensive free AI voice datasets.

AI-driven voice synthesis also plays a crucial role in reconstructing and teaching lost phonetics. By analyzing existing audio recordings, AI can generate accurate pronunciations of words and phrases. This helps in the preservation and education of endangered languages.

Machine translation & NLP (Natural Language Processing)

AI can help bridge the communication gaps between endangered and dominant languages through machine translation and NLP. Google, for instance, expanded its translation services to include lesser-known languages by training AI models on limited datasets. In 2024 alone, AI helped expand Google’s translation services to 110 new languages, about a quarter of which are from Africa.

However, certain languages lack training data, which makes AI models less accurate. Collaborative efforts are underway to address this. For example, the Government of Nunavut partnered with technology firms to develop AI models that support the Inuktitut language, making the language more accessible.

AI-powered chatbots & virtual tutors

AI-driven chatbots and virtual tutors offer interactive platforms for learners to practice endangered languages. These tools simulate conversations, provide real-time feedback, and create engaging learning experiences for new generations of learners. For instance, KumuBot is an all-in-one chatbot, translator and gamified teacher of the Hawaiian language, which was nearing extinction in the 1980s. 

AI can also be used to generate custom learning materials in languages with few teaching resources, while AI-powered chatbots can offer immediate pronunciation feedback. Certain apps also leverage the power of AI to create personalized learning pathways. 

Big data & AI-driven linguistic research

Finally, AI-driven research can help us decipher long-lost languages, even if only fragments of the language exist. An example is Google’s DeepMind, created text restoration models to reconstruct missing characters in incomplete ancient Greek texts. By processing vast amounts of linguistic data, AI can uncover grammatical and phonetic patterns and relationships to known languages that might take humans months or years to discover. Plus, AI is achieving a 30.1% character error rate compared to 57.3% for human experts.

Researchers are also using AI to translate vast amounts of materials from ancient languages quickly. For example, AI has recently been used to translate cuneiform tablets from Akkadian (the language of ancient Mesopotamia) into English, allowing us to recover a wealth of knowledge about society and culture. 

Challenges and ethical concerns in AI language preservation 

One major challenge AI faces is the bias in training data, as most AI models are trained primarily on dominant languages. The small datasets we have for many indigenous languages mean AI tools are trained less efficiently. Take one Reddit user’s post about Manx, a language UNESCO declared extinct in the 1990s but that has seen a revival. The user states simply that Google Translate’s AI-powered tool is “beyond awful at translating words.”

An additional concern is the risk of AI replacing native speakers as a method of language transmission. AI should be a means of fostering greater communication between human beings, not replacing it. If you engage with a language via AI only, the rich context and cultural nuances that human beings can provide are lost. 

Data ownership is also a pressing issue, which broadly concerns most internet users, no matter the language they use to communicate. Zoom users, for example, were outraged when the platform changed its terms of service to allow it to use conversations to train its model. For indigenous communities, control over their linguistic heritage is a must. 

The future of AI and endangered languages 

Is the future bright for endangered languages? There are signs that it might be. Collaboration between communities and AI researchers will be key and is already happening. For example, the Icelandic government is getting ahead of its language’s possible extinction by working with OpenAI to broaden the use of Icelandic and other marginalized languages. 

Public policies can also play a crucial role in supporting AI-driven language preservation initiatives. Governments can implement strategies that encourage AI research focused on endangered languages. For example, the UK’s AI Opportunities Action Plan emphasizes investment in AI infrastructure and cross-sector adoption. The responsibility also lies with tech companies, which can themselves fund community-led AI projects. Cooperation between AI researchers, governments, and native speakers is the path forward to ensure AI is a friend, not a foe, in the fight to preserve linguistic diversity for future generations.

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How to talk about emotions in Italian

Whether it’s joy, frustration, or anguish over an overcooked plate of spaghetti, emotions in Italian aren’t just felt — they’re performed. But how do you go beyond the basics of felice (happy) and triste (sad) to really sound like a native?

In this guide, we’ll explore the rich vocabulary of Italian emotions. Along the way, we’ll look at how cultural nuances shape expression and how a touch of comedy can help you master the art of dramatic flair. And, of course, we’ll break down the essential phrases and grammar, so you’ll never be at a loss for words — whether you’re declaring undying love or complaining (passionately) about the weather. Ready? Andiamo!

• Understanding basic emotional vocabulary in Italian
• Expressing complex feelings and moods
• Practical application in conversations
• How to practice and master emotional expression
• FAQs

Understanding basic emotional vocabulary in Italian

Before you start pouring your heart out in Italian, you need the right words. Emotions are universal, but every language expresses them a little differently. In Italian, emotions are often accompanied by a particular cadence and a dramatic hand gesture. To get you started, here’s a list of essential emotional vocabulary in Italian:

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Expressing complex feelings and moods

Nuanced emotional terms 

Italian is rich and poetic in its bones, so it tends to express emotions in ways that can be more nuanced than the English alternative. Ever have that poetic feeling of pensive sadness, that seems to have no obvious cause? That’s (la) malinconia. Or that warm, heart-melting sensation when you see a baby smile? That’s (la) tenerezza. Here’s a selection of subtle and complex emotional terms to enhance your expressive range:

Cultural context of emotions

Talking about emotions in Italian isn’t just about vocabulary. It’s about expression, too! Remember, Italians don’t just feel emotions — they live them. Compared to their northern European neighbors, Italians are generally more open and expressive with their feelings. On the other hand, silence, which in some cultures signals discomfort, can signify deep contemplation (or just the calm before an emotional storm).

Understanding these cultural nuances will help you not only speak Italian, but foster a deeper connection with the Italian way of experiencing the world.

Practical application in conversations

Common phrases to describe feelings 

While body language is indeed helpful to express emotions, words do the heavy lifting:

• Mi sento felice. (I feel happy.)
• Sono arrabbiato/a. (I am angry.)
• Ho paura. (I am afraid.)
• Mi sento triste. (I feel sad.)
• Sono emozionato/a. (I am excited/moved.)
• Provo molta gioia. (I feel a lot of joy.)
• Mi sento giù. (I feel down.)
• Sono deluso/a. (I am disappointed.)
• Mi sento a disagio. (I feel uncomfortable.)
• Ho nostalgia di casa. (I feel homesick.)

The role of verbs in emotional expression 

When expressing emotions in Italian, you’ll find that many phrases use the essere conjugation (to be), while others use the avere conjugation (to have). However, the most important verb when discussing feelings in Italian is surely the reflexive verb sentirsi (to feel), as in:

• Mi sento felice (I feel happy).

Here are a few more essential verbs for talking about emotions:

• provare (to experience) → Provo rabbia. (I experience anger.)
• esprimere (to express) → Esprimo la mia gratitudine. (I express my gratitude.)
• reprimere (to suppress) → Reprimo la mia rabbia. (I suppress my anger.)
• commuoversi (to get emotional) → Mi commuovo facilmente. (I get emotional easily.)

Mastering these verbs will help you construct natural, expressive sentences — and maybe even argue like a true Italian.

How to practice and master emotional expression

The role of comedy in language learning 

If you really want to master emotional expression in Italian, there’s no better way than through comedy. Italian humor thrives on exaggeration, irony and over-the-top expressiveness, making it a goldmine for learning how emotions are communicated in everyday speech. 

Whether it’s a sarcastic quip, an exaggerated sigh or a dramatic “Ma ti sembra normale?!” (“Does this seem normal to you?!”), Italian comedy teaches you how to feel the language. It’s also a great way to witness these charming people using sarcasm and irony to add lightness to a frustrating situation.

Another great thing about Italian comedy? Regional dialects and slang. Emotions don’t sound the same in Milan as they do in Naples, and comedies often showcase these differences. If you want to hear expressive Italian in action, check out these classics:

Film and television:

• Benvenuti al Sud – A hilarious culture clash between the north and south of Italy.
• Perfetti Sconosciuti – A mix of drama and humor, perfect for picking up natural emotional expressions.
• Fantozzi – A slapstick classic that exaggerates frustration and resignation in the most Italian way possible.
• Night on Earth – A funny and heartwarming project by Jim Jarmusch, consisting of five taxi rides happening at the same time, in five different cities. Part Four takes place in Rome, and the taxi driver is none other than Roberto Benigni.

Comedians:

• Roberto Benigni – Known for his witty, expressive storytelling.
• Checco Zalone – A modern comic genius who plays with stereotypes and emotions.
• Aldo, Giovanni e Giacomo – A legendary comedy trio famous for their exaggerated expressions and clever wordplay.

So, the next time you sit down to “study” Italian, grab some popcorn, put on an Italian comedy and prepare to laugh your way to fluency!

Structured and interactive classes

While laughing at Italian comedies is a fantastic way to absorb natural expressions, structured learning is key to mastering emotional fluency. That’s where Lingoda comes in.

Lingoda offers live, interactive classes with native-speaking teachers, ensuring you get real-time feedback on your pronunciation and sentence structure. Unlike self-study apps, these lessons are conversation-focused, meaning you’ll actively practice expressing emotions in Italian. Plus, with small class sizes and flexible scheduling, you can learn at your own pace while immersing yourself in real-world dialogues.

From discussing how you really feel to understanding subtle emotional nuances, Lingoda can go a long way in helping you gain confidence to express emotions like a true Italian!

What do Italians say when they’re upset?

When Italians are upset, they might say “Che rabbia!” (“What anger!”), “Sono furioso/a!” (“I’m furious!”), or “Non ne posso più!” (“I can’t take it anymore!”). Expect dramatic hand gestures, too!

How do you say ‘emotion’ in Italian?

“Emotion” in Italian is emozione.

So, ‘come ti senti’? (How do you feel?)

Expressing emotions in Italian is about feeling the language and embracing its passion, humor and rhythm. Mastering basic and nuanced vocabulary is a great beginning, but getting familiar with how Italians express sarcasm, excitement, love and frustration will help you truly connect with people.

Of course, learning a language takes patience (and maybe a few dramatic sighs along the way). But every “Mi sento felice!” or “Che rabbia!” will bring you closer to fluency. Keep practicing and don’t be afraid to express yourself — Italian style!

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Best online language schools in 2025

But with so many schools offering different courses, how do you choose the right one? In this article, we’ll explore the best online language schools in 2025, highlighting the curriculums and teaching methods, whether certificates are available, and how well they might fit into your lifestyle. 

• What makes a great online language school?
• Top-rated online language schools in 2025
• Best supplemental language learning tool

What makes a great online language school?

There are several key factors to consider when deciding if an online language school is right for you. First, there’s the curriculum. Does the school offer structured, level-based courses that are aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) or more targeted courses focusing on a particular topic area? 

You also need to consider how you’ll be taught, from live online classes to self-paced courses. There are benefits to both. Live classes facilitate real-time interaction with other learners and your teacher, and you can get immediate clarification if you have doubts. You are also in a more structured learning environment, which may help keep you on track. Meanwhile, self-paced courses offer greater flexibility and may be more cost-effective. You may want to know if you receive a certificate at the end of a course to prove your language level to an employer, for example. 

Finally, think about whether you want to take classes only in your target language. Some courses offer full immersion (the teacher speaks and/or the materials are in the target language). This tends to facilitate faster and more natural language acquisition. Other schools offer translations, which may suit learners who are intimidated by full immersion programs. 

Top-rated online language schools in 2025

Choosing the best online language course depends on various factors, including teaching style, pricing, certification options, and user reviews. Below, we compare some of the top-rated programs based on these key criteria.

Best comprehensive language programs

Lingoda

Lingoda is an online language school with a focus on teaching real-life language in small classes led by native-level teachers. All skills are covered, and helping learners become more confident speakers is a priority. 

• Level: A1–C1 in English and German; A1–B2 in Business English, French, and Spanish; A1 in Italian.
• Certificate of completion: Available for each CEFR level completed.
• Schedule flexibility: Live classes are offered 24/7.
• Pros:
  • Structured courses aligned with the CEFR. 
  • Live classes allow for real-time speaking practice and instant answers to any questions. 
  • All classes are taught by native-level teachers. 
• Cons:
  • The cost of live classes may be higher when compared to self-paced courses, and a time commitment is required.  

Begin your personal language journey

• Courses tailored to your learning needs
• Qualified native-level teachers
• Expert-designed curriculum
• Live classes with small group sizes

How it works

Rosetta Stone

With 30 years of experience in language teaching, Rosetta Stone focuses on complete immersion using native-speaker audio and speech recognition technology. 

• Level: B1–C1 in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Additional courses in 25 languages. 
• Certificate of completion: Available for each level or course completed. 
• Schedule flexibility: No live lessons for individual learners.
• Pros:
  • Uses a Dynamic Immersion method, with audio from native speakers in lessons and exercises. 
  • TruAccent speech recognition technology promises to help improve pronunciation. 
• Cons:
  • No live tutoring offered as part of the individual package, making the courses less interactive. 

FluentU

FluentU teaches languages via authentic, interactive videos. It offers an immersive experience and prioritizes vocabulary learning.  

• Level: Beginner, Intermediate, and Advanced in 10 languages, from English and German to Mandarin Chinese and Korean. 
• Certificate of completion: No. 
• Schedule flexibility: No live lessons.
• Pros:
  • Modern video-based learning with interactive subtitles to learn vocabulary. 
  • Immersive experience.
• Cons:
  • Speaking practice is limited, as there are no live classes or speech recognition technology. 

Best for live group lessons

Lingoda

Lingoda offers small group classes with experienced teachers. Over 60 classes start every hour, meaning you can tailor your schedule to suit your lifestyle. 

• Level: A1–C1 in English and German; A1–B2 in Business English, French, and Spanish; A1 in Italian.
• Certificate of completion: Available for each CEFR level completed.
• Schedule flexibility: Live classes are offered 24/7.
• Pros:
  • Native-level teachers from all over the world. 
  • Learners can schedule classes at a time that suits them. 
  • Class sizes are small (2–5 students), allowing plenty of chances to speak and interact with fellow learners. 
  • Private classes available
• Cons:
  • Live lessons require a time commitment. 

Berlitz

Berlitz has been around for 140 years and is a long-established school with a global presence. Its courses are mapped to the CEFR levels, and it offers group classes both online and in-person. 

• Level: A1—C2 in a range of languages. 
• Certificate of completion: Available for each level completed. 
• Schedule flexibility: Classes are at fixed times. 
• Pros:
  • Courses follow a proven immersive method.  
  • Berlitz has a strong global reputation. 
  • Native-level teachers. 

• Cons:
  • Group courses are relatively expensive. 
  • Live lessons require a fixed schedule commitment. 

Goethe-Institut (for German)

The Goethe-Institut is one of the most respected names in German language teaching, with over 70 years of experience in the industry. It is the largest provider of German language courses in the world. 

• Level: A1–C2 in German only. 
• Certificate of completion: Available for each level completed. 
• Schedule flexibility: Classes are at fixed times. 
• Pros:
  • Native-level teachers. 
  • Internationally recognized certificates. 
  • Courses are aligned with the CEFR. 
• Cons:
  • Large class sizes with up to 18 students. 
  • Classes are relatively expensive. 

Best for self-paced learning

Babbel

The Babbel language learning app has been a popular choice for self-study for many years. It offers courses in 14 languages.  

• Level: Varies. Self-study courses are available up to B2 in French, German and Italian and C1 in Spanish.
• Certificate of completion: Available for each level completed. 
• Schedule flexibility: No live lessons; complete flexibility. 
• Pros:
  • Short, practical lessons focused on real-world conversations. 
  • Interactive and engaging lessons. 
• Cons:
  • No live classes are offered under the self-study program. 
  • Learners receive limited speaking practice. 

Pimsleur

The Pimsleur method was developed by Dr. Paul Pimsleur. Students are discouraged from writing anything down during lessons and are encouraged to respond out loud at all times. 

• Level: Beginner to intermediate in a range of languages. 
• Certificate of completion: Available for each level completed. 
• Schedule flexibility: No live lessons; complete flexibility. 
• Pros:
  • Audio-based learning — effective for improving pronunciation.
  • Learn naturally via conversations. 
• Cons:
  • No writing practice. 
  • Lack of live interaction with teachers. 

Busuu

Busuu combines AI-powered input with the chance to get feedback from a community of native speakers of the language you’re learning. 14 languages are available. 

• Level: A1–B2; English up to C1
• Certificate of completion: Available for each level completed. 
• Schedule flexibility: No live lessons; complete flexibility. 
• Pros:
  • Short, focused lessons with AI-powered exercises.
  • Chance to get feedback from native speakers.
• Cons:
  • Access to content is limited with the free version. 
  • Limited pronunciation and speaking exercises. 

Best for one-on-one tutoring

italki

With italki, students can connect with teachers and take one-on-one lessons in over 150 languages. 

• Level: Depends on tutor. 
• Certificate of completion: No.
• Schedule flexibility: Lessons can be scheduled at any time. 
• Pros:
  • Flexible scheduling. 
  • Wide range of tutors with a variety of accents and dialects. 
• Cons:
  • Quality of lessons varies by tutor. 
  • No structured curriculum or materials aligned to the CEFR. 

Preply

Preply has over 50,000 tutors teaching over 120 languages to students in one-on-one lessons. You can learn more about Preply vs. Lingoda in our article. 

• Level: Depends on tutor. 
• Certificate of completion: Available after a certain number of hours spent learning. 
• Schedule flexibility: Lessons can be scheduled at any time. 
• Pros:
  • Can be affordable, depending on the tutor you choose.
  • Personalized lessons from a range of tutors. 
• Cons:
  • No standardized curriculum. 
  • The quality of lessons depends on the tutor.

Verbling

With over 2,000 tutors teaching over 70 languages, Verbling is a popular choice for finding one-on-one lessons. 

• Level: Depends on tutor. 
• Certificate of completion: Available. 
• Schedule flexibility: Lessons can be scheduled at any time. 
• Pros:
  • High-quality tutors, 
  • Structured courses
• Cons:
  • More expensive than competitors, 
  • Fewer tutors in rare languages

Best supplemental language learning tools

Many people choose to learn a language online via several methods. Apps and online materials don’t offer the same experience as learning with a language school, but they can be excellent tools for additional practice.  

Duolingo – Best for gamified vocabulary and grammar practice

Duolingo is perhaps the best-known language-learning app. Offering a range of languages, its gamified approach can help keep learners motivated. 

• Pros:
  • Fun, bite-sized lessons in an attractive and easy-to-use app. 
  • Can be free to use, though non-paid versions come with adverts. 
• Cons:
  • No live instruction. 
  • Lacks depth, making it more difficult to reach fluency. 

Language Transfer – Best for free, audio-based learning

Offering completely free courses, Language Transfer offers audio-based lessons in several major languages, including French, German, and Arabic. 

• Pros:
  • Audio-based lessons for listening comprehension. 
  • Recordings are made with a real student of the language. 
• Cons:
  • Only available for a few languages. 
  • Not immersive as things are explained in and translated into English. 

How to choose the right online language school for you

Your first consideration might be whether you’re willing to pay for lessons or not. If not, a free app is the way to go. But if you’re serious about advancing your language skills, free apps aren’t enough. As the next step, you need to think about whether you want to follow a self-study course or learn with a teacher. Self-study can work well for highly motivated students, but the lack of scheduled classes means it’s easy to lose focus, and there’s usually no interactive speaking practice. 

Finally, consider whether you want one-to-one lessons with the personal attention of a teacher or if you’d prefer to participate in a group course, which often follows a CEFR-based curriculum and allows plenty of chances to act with your fellow learners and a qualified teacher. Lingoda offers both options with flexible, immersive online classes led by professional teachers. No one method will suit everyone, but now you’re armed with enough information to make the right choice for you. 

Discover Lingoda. Reach your goals.

How it works

Must-know: Basic Spanish words for travel

Sure, English might work in touristy spots when you want to refill your margarita. But, if you truly want to experience everything your destination has to offer, some Spanish phrases for beginners can make all the difference. For example, asking for directions can be a lifesaver if your phone’s had too much fun in the sun. And being able to request a doctor will come in handy if your tummy isn’t ready for all that street food. Plus, nothing beats connecting with locals and expressing your appreciation for their culture and cuisine –most will be delighted to see you making the effort! 

Before you board that plane, let’s dive into some of the most common and basic Spanish words and phrases for travel.

• Must-know Spanish greetings and polite phrases
• Asking for and understanding directions in Spanish
• Spanish vocabulary for transportation
• Ordering food in a Spanish-speaking country
• Dealing with an emergency in Spanish
• Key Spanish question words for travelers
• Telling the time in Spanish
• FAQs

Must-know Spanish greetings and polite phrases

Let’s start from the beginning. Knowing how to say hello in the local language is key when you’re traveling; it’ll help you break the ice and show that you appreciate the culture. Plus, Spanish-speaking countries are known for their friendliness and politeness.

Here are some of the most common Spanish greetings and a few basic polite phrases to get us going:

• Hola (Hello)
• Buenos días / Buenas tardes / Buenas noches (Good morning/afternoon/evening)
• Por favor (Please)
• Gracias (Thank you)
• De nada (You’re welcome)
• Disculpe / Con permiso (Excuse me)
• Perdón / Lo siento (Sorry)
• ¿Habla inglés? (Do you speak English?)
• ¿Cómo está? (How are you?)
• Bien, gracias (Fine, thank you)
• ¿Cómo se llama? (What’s your name)
• Yo me llamo… (My name is…)
• Mucho gusto (Nice to meet you)
• No hablo español (I don’t speak Spanish)
• Adiós (Goodbye)
• Hasta luego (See you later)
• No entiendo, perdón (I don’t understand, sorry)

These phrases will be handy not just when traveling, but anytime you interact with a Spanish speaker. They’re all part of basic everyday conversation. If you learn Spanish online with Lingoda, our native-level Spanish teachers will help you learn everything you need to build a solid foundation –especially if you’re just starting your language journey.

Tip: Remember to review how to have a Spanish accent to be best understood by native speakers. For example, in Spanish the letter ‘h’ is silent. It’s not pronounced unless it’s paired with a ‘c’ (‘ch’) –this combination sounds just like the ‘Ch’ in ‘Charity’.

Asking for and understanding directions in Spanish

Learning these phrases is essential to finding your way around and avoiding stressful situations. Yes, we’ve got that all-mighty GPS now, but relying solely on your phone’s battery or internet connection in a foreign country can end up being a bit of a gamble… So, let’s prepare:

• ¿Dónde está… el baño/el hospital/el hotel ‘X’? (Where is… the restroom/hospital/hotel ‘X’?)
• A la derecha / A la izquierda (To the right / To the left)
• Derecho (Straight ahead)
• Cerca / Lejos (Near / Far)
• ¿Me podría mostrar en el mapa? (Could you show me on the map?)
• Al lado de.. (Next to…)
• Enfrente de… (In front of…)
• Atrás de… (Behind…)
• En la esquina (On the corner)
• ¿Puede escribir la dirección? (Could you write it down for me?)
• Norte / Sur / Este / Oeste (North / South / East / West)

Should you bother asking for directions in Spanish?

There are pros and cons to directly asking a local for directions. If your Spanish is basic, then understanding responses can be tricky. It might leave you more confused –maybe even lost. But if you’ve got a map or dictionary or if the local you’re talking to knows some English, then asking for directions can make all the difference in a stressful situation.

In any case, make sure to carry a physical map, an extra battery and an offline translation tool. You can also use gestures to avoid mix-ups.

Spanish vocabulary for transportation

This is some of the language that might come in handy. Even if it’s just for reading signs at the airport or train station, you’ll be a step ahead:

• El autobús / El metro / El tren (Bus / Metro / Train)
• Un boleto, por favor (One ticket, please)
• Boleto redondo (round ticket)
• Boleto de ida (one-way ticket)
• ¿Cuánto cuesta? (How much does it cost?)
• ¿Dónde está la estación / aeropuerto? (Where is the station / airport?)
• ¿Dónde está la puerta ‘X’? (Where is gate ‘X’?)
• ¿Dónde puedo comprar boletos? (Where can I buy tickets?)
• ¿De qué plataforma / puerta sale? (Which platform / gate does it leave from?)
• ¿A qué hora sale el próximo tren? (What time does the next train leave?)

Ordering food in a Spanish-speaking country

Ah, traveling with food in mind? We get it. Spanish-speaking countries have some of the best cuisines on the planet. Let’s learn some vocabulary for ordering food in a restaurant:

• Quisiera… / Me gustaría… un taco / un vaso con agua (I would like… a taco / a glass of water)
• ¿Qué me recomienda? (What do you recommend?)
• ¿Es picante? (Is it spicy?)
• Mesa para dos, por favor (Table for two, please)
• Tengo una reservación a nombre de… (I have a reservation for…)
• La cuenta, por favor (The check, please)
• ¿Cómo viene este platillo? (How is this dish served?)
• ¿Aceptan tarjeta? (Do you take cards?)
• Solo efectivo (Cash only)
• Desayuno / Comida / Cena (Breakfast / Lunch / Dinner)
• Entrada (Appetizer)
• Plato fuerte (Main dish)
• Postre (Dessert)
• Bebida (Drink)
• Cubiertos (Cutlery)
• Vino (Wine)
• Cerveza (Beer)
• Café / Té (Coffee / Tea)
• Servilleta (Napkin)

If you have an allergy or dietary restriction, here are some phrases that will help you out:

• Tengo alergia a… (I’m allergic to…)
• Sin / Con… (With / Without…)
• Soy vegetariana/o / vegana/o (I’m vegetarian / vegan)
• ¿Tiene una opción sin gluten? (Do you have a gluten-free option?)
• No como… (I don’t eat…)

Note: The letter ‘g’, when followed by ‘i’ or ‘e’ (like in alergia), is pronounced like the ‘h’ in English.

Dealing with an emergency in Spanish

Hopefully, you’ll never have to use this vocabulary, but here are some basic Spanish words for travelers dealing with an emergency:

• ¡Ayuda! (Help!)
• Necesito a la policía / una ambulancia (I need the police / an ambulance)
• Estoy perdido/a (I’m lost)
• Necesito un médico (I need a doctor)
• Me duele… el estómago / la cabeza (My belly / head hurts)
• Necesito esta medicina (I need this medicine)
• No me siento bien (I don’t feel well)
• ¿Dónde hay un hospital / una farmacia ? (Where can I find a hospital / pharmacy?)
• Mi medicina está en mi mochila / bolsa (My medicine is in my backpack / purse)
• Tengo náuseas (I feel nauseous)
• Estoy mareada/o (I feel dizzy)
• No puedo respirar bien (I can’t breathe properly)
• No tengo seguro médico (I don’t have insurance)
• Tuve un accidente (I had an accident)

Key Spanish question words for travelers

Mastering the use of Spanish question words is crucial for effective communication, so let’s take a moment to learn them:

• ¿Qué? (What?)
  • ¿Qué es esto? (What is this?)
• ¿Quién? (Who?)
  • ¿Quién es él? (Who is he?)
• ¿Cuándo? (When?)
  • ¿Cuándo sale el tren? (When does the train depart?)
• ¿Dónde? (Where?)
  • ¿Dónde está la tienda? (Where is the shop?)
• ¿Por qué? (Why?)
  • ¿Por qué tiene ese color? (Why is it that color?)
• ¿Cómo? (How?)
  • ¿Cómo preparan este platillo? (How is this dish prepared?)

Telling the time in Spanish

Other key phrases to learn before traveling are those related to telling time in Spanish:

• ¿Qué hora es? (What time is it?)
• Son las… 4:00 PM / las 11 de la mañana (It is… 4:00 PM / 11 in the morning)
• Vamos a salir a las… (We leave at…)

What are common Spanish words for vacation?

Some of the most common Spanish words and phrases for discussing vacation or travel include: 

• Vacaciones (holidays)
• Viajar (travel)
• Estoy viajando / Estoy de viaje (I’m traveling)
• Avión / Tren / Autobús (Plane / Train / Bus)
• Vengo de… (I come from…)
• Me voy el sábado (I leave on Saturday)
• Llegué el lunes (I arrived on Monday)
• Estoy aquí por trabajo (I’m here for work)
• Estoy de vacaciones (I’m on holiday)
• La estoy pasando bien (I’m having a good time)

How to learn Spanish for traveling?

One of the best ways to learn Spanish for traveling is to make it fun! Here are some tips to help you do just that:

• Create flashcards: Write the English word on one side and the Spanish word on the other. You can even use pictures instead of English words if you’re more visual (pro tip: there are online flashcard tools out there!).
• Think in Spanish: When you go grocery shopping, try naming the items you see in Spanish in your head.
• Watch series and movies in Spanish: Start with English subtitles to get acquainted, then switch to Spanish and eventually turn them off completely. This will help you learn vocabulary for different scenarios, including travel.
• Get a language buddy: Try a language exchange and ask your buddy to help you with your travel vocabulary. You can chat about past trips, for example.

Ready for takeoff

Alright, now you’ve got some basic Spanish words and phrases for travel, which we’re sure will be useful in all kinds of situations! You’ll be able to ask for directions, communicate dietary restrictions and greet your hosts like a pro. Just remember, some native speakers might switch to English if they feel you’re struggling –don’t get discouraged, use gestures if needed and keep going. And, in any case, a translation app can come to the rescue.

Now, if you’re looking to take your Spanish to the next level, join us at Lingoda! You’ll learn from our excellent native-level teachers on a schedule that fits you just right. You’ll be speaking from day one!

All Spanish tenses made easy: A breakdown

Just like with any other language, if we’re looking to become fluent in Spanish we need to get (very) acquainted with all types of tenses in Spanish and their correct usage. This is key for communicating effectively and clearly.

And, yes, verb conjugation can be, unsurprisingly, one of the trickiest parts of learning Spanish, but with time and practice, you’ll become a natural. So, let’s take a look at this overview of all Spanish tenses, how to use them and example sentences. Ready, set, go!

• Understanding Spanish verb tenses and moods
• How many Spanish tenses are there?
• The Spanish indicative mood (el indicativo)
• The Spanish subjunctive mood (el subjuntivo)
• FAQs

Understanding Spanish verb tenses and moods

When we talk about Spanish tenses, we’re talking about time. Just like in English, tenses in Spanish help us explain when an action (verb) takes place – whether it has already happened, is happening or will happen. To indicate this, we conjugate the verb form appropriately (we add, for example, a particular ending to the infinitive form).

Now, Spanish verb conjugations are divided into different ‘moods’ depending on the speaker’s intention, and understanding them will help us distinguish between tenses. The three grammatical moods in Spanish are:

• Indicative: We use it to express facts and objective information. For example:
  
  • Yo corro dos veces a la semana (I run twice a week).
  • Minerva fue al dentista (Minerva went to the dentist).
  • Hoy cenaremos pasta (We’ll have pasta for dinner).
    
• Subjunctive: For showing possibilities, doubts, feelings, desires and opinions.
  
  • Ojalá vayamos al cine mañana (I hope we go to the movies tomorrow).
  • Espero que la hayas pasado bien (I hope you had a good time).
  • Es importante que guardemos silencio (It’s important that we keep quiet).
    
• Imperative: This is for giving commands and orders.
  
  • Ponte el sombrero (Wear the hat).
  • ¡No te pares ahí! (Don’t stand there!).
  • Pásame la sal (Pass me the salt).